Disabilities

The issue of discrimination against old people and persons with disabilities is an old age phenomenon. For centuries these groups of people have had to live with stigma and many a times forced t live their lives in seclusion for instance in the bible stories are told of how leapers were forced from their homes to be beggars in the streets as if this was not enough, bells were tied around their necks so that everywhere they would go, people will be warned of their presence by the sounding bells and were required to take-off.In ancient Africa, children born with disabilities were killed and thrown away in the forest because they were considered bad one. All these treatment by the dominant groups on the marginalized groups was informed by myths. In that it was believed that people's with disability would bring bad luck or â€Å"infect† others in the community who did not have such disabilities.And for centuries this continued until the dawn of â€Å"the age of rights† wher e it came to be realized that all human beings by virtue of their being humans had all human beings by virtue of their being humans had in alienable God given rights that no man was allowed to take away (L. J. mefarlane. Theory and practice of human rights) The author went on to say about human rights†. They must be distinguished from moral rights in possessing the following characteristics (a) University (b) Individuality (c) Paramount ability(d) Enforceability This age of rights culminated in the â€Å"universal declaration on the rights of man† and the UN charter on the rights of man† This two characters then informed many bill of rights of many states in the world today including â€Å"The Canadian charter on human rights† Much though that these rights are clearly s pelt in many international and local documents on human rights the old and people with disability continue to bare the brunt of stigmatization and this surely should urgently be brought to a stop.this paper boards on the thesis that discrimination of any kind against any person and specifically the old and people with disabilities is an infringement on their fundamentals rights and freedoms as first adumbrated in the universal declaration on the rights of man. It will also compare and contrast the treatment. The international labor organization defines disability in terms of tis effect upon a persons ability to secure and maintain gainful employment.In convention 1 order 50, of the international labor organization states that a person with disability means one whose prospects of securing, obtaining and a draining in employment is induced or as a result of mental or physical impairment. A careful analysis of this definition can lead to confusion it would also means that ILO is in useful discriminative. It would also mean that old people do suffer from disability an allegation that may not be always true many old people can still work and fend for themselves without need ing employment.Disability can best and without discrimination defined to mean:-An impairment of either of either, physical, sensory or mental nature including vision, hearing or physical impairment which has a longterm effect on a persons usual day to day activities. So that given the effect that comes with old age like loss of memory, poor vision comes with old age like loss of memory, poor vision could also fall under the ambit of disability.Unfortunately even government agencies do discriminate against peoples with disabilities from how they implement program mes like adjustment orders to make the lives of these people much easier, to how they implement government policies leaves a lot to bee desired. But then should all facts that may seem to be discrimination deemed as such? Because there are actions that can pass for discrimination but may not necessarily be motivated by discrimination.A good case in point is the latimer case where latimer, a farmer who was working a spread in saskat chewan killed her 12 year old daughter Tracy in 1993. His statement to the police was such that she loved his daughter and could not watch her suffer from severe cerebral palsy. Latimas was subsequently charged with 1st degree murder which was later reduced to 2nd degree murders. justice Ted Noble broke a new legal grand by distinguishing mercy killing which is allowed anyway and cold blooded murder in so doing latrines was given a constitutional exemption.He was convicted though because he had committed a crime. Acts such as this one are not motivated by discrimination or stigma associated with having a child with disabilities but â€Å"love† in fact in the present case, the judge considered latimer as a â€Å"loving and protective parent† who wanted to end his daughter suffering. Much that latimers actions can be somehow be â€Å"excused†, why would people have to think that people with disabilities would people have to think that people with disabilit ies are constantly â€Å"suffering†, and thus the need by other people to end their suffering?why cant we allow people with disability lead independent lives? The answer again lies with the perceptions that the dominant group has people with disabilities. On the other hand the leilani must case can only be contrasted with the forgone case of latimer in the present case, Muir was a child who was unwanted and neglected by her mother an alcoholics. the mother took her to mental school at age eleven. the mother also ordered her sterilization during the sterilization she was not informed that she was actually being sterilized but she thought she was having her appendix removed.She later discovered that she could not sire children and sued. She was awarded damages. the case in point suggest that persons with disabilities should not be allowed to give birth. This is pursuant to the now repealed sterilization act of Alberta coupled with the fact that a person with disability consent is not required where matters dealing with their bodies is concerned or really outrageous and discriminatory granted the confinement of Muir led or amounted to loss of reputation, loss of libertymachinery be put in place for purposes of evaluating those considerations. Here government in as much as they are charged with the responsibility of ensuring adequate provisions for the rights of persons with disability can claim lack of adequate resources and seek to absolve themselves from liability. This again has mischievous connotations which also violate the rights of persons with disability it is note worthy therefore that the essence of budgetary provisions† is a ploy to run away from responsibility.Granted, the character would be illusory if the provisions enshrined there in could be ignored because it was convenient to the administration. But courts in Canada should be applauded since they have always held that the â€Å"considerations† cannot be used to justify violat ions of rights of persons with disabilities. In Nova Scotia V Martin it was held for instance that despite the concerns raised with respect to â€Å"budgetary considerations† defenses, the defense is raised often and primarily in the context of disability discrimination cases.Senior citizens have not been spared either and as earlier stated they may fall under the bracket persons with disabilities because old age comes with certain effects like hearing difficulties, poor visions, mental that senility comes with old age all proved by science old peoples normal participation in day to day activities all these has a close nexus as to why they are held with low opinions, that's why they are held with low opinions, that's why they are deemed to be less engaged.the myths that they are less aged could well be founded because more often than not, the senior citizens would citizens would be found in care homes where they are taken care of by welfare but this is not totally true becaus e many old people have defied age to climb the everest mountains ans so on. About mandatory retirement, this is purely discriminative because under the law much that there is a retirement age, many people of retirement age have the energy to carry on. Besides it would be tantamount to say that on attainment of retirement age, one is old and incapable of productivity.Well is sheer discrimination. this kind of draconian treatment has led to untold suffering among the persons with disabilities. For one it has led to difficulty in access to employment because they are viewed to as being not productive as compared to normal bodied persons. It has also led to poverty or likely hood of the same because many a times there people are confined. take the Muir case for instance her life was almost shuttered leading to loss of productive years, reputation besides suffering humiliation. It has also led to discontent among person with disabilities.The welfare system has also suffered given draconi an policies like â€Å" budgetary considerations† All these can also result to problems of recreation and leisure for persons with disabilities as little regard as given to them as human beings. To change their status quo, lobby groups have been formed to press for better treatment. the senior citizens and persons with disabilities have also gone against the grain to prove the system wrong e. g. Muir who went on to pass the IQ test and lives a much happier life. These groups have also sought redress in court especially invoking section 15(1) of the Canadian charter on human rights.

Billy Joel Business Ethics and Law Case Study

Billy Joel decided he wanted to learn to play the violin for his next set of concerts. He called a violin salesman in New York and asked if he had any for sale. The salesman stated he had a Stradivarius and a Guarnerius (two famous brands of violins) and offered to sell them to Billy for $80,000 and $24,000, respectively. Billy agreed, over the phone, to purchase the violins from the salesman and told him he would be in town the next week to pick them up. Billy didn't show up for two months, and when he entered the store, the salesman wasn't there. His wife, Margaret, was there in the store, however, and she had full knowledge of the deal cut between her husband and Billy. (She'd heard her husband whining, complaining, and wailing about Billy not showing up for the last 2 months – and she was really sick of hearing about it.) Billy asked to see the violins, and Margaret showed him both of them. Billy stated he would agree to pay $65,000 for both of them, and Margaret, knowing that they were counterfeits and only worth $2,000 AND realizing that their house was about to go into foreclosure, agreed to the reduction in price and sold Billy the two violins for $65,000. She gave him a bill of sale that she wrote out on a note pad on the counter, which said, â€Å"Paid in full. Strativarus and Granruius violans. $65,000. Chk # 4301 Billy Joel. Salesperson: Margaret Madoff.† The notepad was one she had brought home from their last vacation to Las Vegas and was from The Flamingo hotel there. Billy took home the violins and proceeded to learn to play, albeit very poorly. Meanwhile, the salesman discovers that Margaret sold the violins for less than he had bargained for. He sues Billy Joel for the $39,000 difference, stating that Margaret was not an employee of the store and had no authority to change the deal he and Billy had made. During the pendency of the suit, and after his next concert, the newspapers stated, â€Å"Billy Joel should give up playing the violin! He stinks!† Billy takes his violins to a music store to sell them and discovers they are only worth $2,000 and that they are not Stradivarius and Guarnerius violins but are instead counterfeits. He wants to countersue the salesman and asks you on what basis can he do so. Using contract, agency, and any other legal concepts you have learned this session, on what bases can Billy sue the salesman and his wife? What defenses will they have? Do you think Billy can recover? Further, will Margaret's husband (his name is Bernard) be able to collect against Billy for the difference in price from the original deal? Explain your answer fully as to the why's, wherefore's, and why not's for both parties. Use bullet points and â€Å"issue spotting† to assist you in your answer. Case Solution In the above case scenario, the oral contract that was made between the seller and the buyer are not binding in the court of law in accordance to the contract law. As in the case the seller has been be met with the loss of settling for less that the agreed verbal contract holds. The offer that was made by the seller and accepted by the buyer was a partial fulfilment of the contract. The absent of proof that in deed an agreement was made between the two parties will made the court to rule in favour of Billy. This should hence be the basis of argument that Billy can use. The sell of counterfeit commodities to a buyer in high prices is considered to be a crime. The use of this basis by Billy holds a chance of guaranteeing him victory. This will also help in the reclaiming of his image as a performer indicating that it was the counterfeit pianos that lead to the earlier poor performance. It is hence imperative to state that through these bases Bill will have a strong argument in the court against the business persons. Defence to be used by the Business Persons: It is paramount to note that the Bernard and Margaret as the business persons do not hold a strong case against Billy due to the lack proof of the contract that was made in this business transaction. The fact that Margaret facilitated the completion of the verbal business relations with the sale of the piano at a rate that was lower than the initially accepted prices can be used to state that she was not a business individual. The recommended $ 39,000 difference that Bernard is seeking from Billy Joel with regards to the agreed price would be based on the fact that the individual who facilitated the initial processes of the contract was not an authority. The Collection of the Extra Money: The initial prices that had been verbally quoted by the salesman where: $ 80,000 for Stradivarius piano and $ 24,000 for the Guarnerius piano. The total price that was paid for during the selling traction was only $65,000 which was less by $ 39,000. The fact that the two pianos where deemed to be counterfeit with the total worth of only $ 2,000, the chances of the business personnel having a refund will be unfruitful. It would not be in order for the court to rule in favour of the Bernard to attain the extra funds by virtue that they had sold a product to their customer that was functioning properly that ended up denting his image as a performer. The original deal made between the two parties was based on lies and hence should not be cemented with the pay of the extra unpaid funds. A refund for the already paid funds in terms of $ 65,000 should be made to the customer. In the analysis of this case, it has been ascertained that the holding of physical proof for the contracts has to be met in any business relations. This will help in the smooth transition of the business activities (Larson, 2010). Contract: In this case, the business contract was made between two parties with an oral offer and acceptance of the buyer. Based on the agreement, the two pianos were to be purchased at the stated price of $104,000. The reasonable period to enforce the purchase was the agreed one week where Billy was to collect the items. This can be used against him by the seller stating that they did not stick to the original oral business contract. The act of the seller misinterpreting the worth of the two pianos was not lawful since it is prohibited by the federal government. The presence of the third party in the business relation (wife) led to the reformation of the contract a new price generated. This led to the promise made to be broken by the buyer in the presence of the third party. Agency: The ostensible authority that is held by the wife of the seller to give the buyer a new business deal with the information she held about the fake nature of the pianos would be termed in order in the court if the two jointly owned the business. The fact that she was not gives the seller an upper hand in stating that the purchase was made on unfair terms without his knowledge. This gives a somewhat strong basis for argument in the quest to attain the $ 39,000 difference in payment that was not made.

Passive Aggressive Behavior in the Workplace Essay

Projects are due; holidays are here, so much to be done and so little time to do it. It is just a part of life to be dealing with so many different types of personalities, different work ethics and just basically understanding the people that you work with in a forty-hour work week. Dealing with co-workers that are passive-aggressive in their behavior can be quite frustrating until you learn the best ways in which to deal with this type of behavior. Individuals who exhibit passive aggressive behavior tend to express hostile and antagonistic feelings in a non-aggressive way. Although they may appear to be passive on the surface, in reality they are direct and purposeful and intend to control, injure or assign a negative perception, all the while avoiding responsibility (Hopwood, 2009). Once you understand passive aggressive behavior it is easy to spot. Many people are afraid to confront feelings period, whether they are positive or negative. So many people really do not know how to express themselves and exactly what they are feeling so they stuff their emotions down ignoring them. These negative emotions come out in some form or fashion and most of the time at the expense of others. In order to feel their self-importance they will put others down but in a joking matter and subtle way. A passive aggressive individual is identified by their actions, behaviors, non-verbal and verbal actions. Nancy was never satisfied; nothing in the department went her way. She was overworked, underpaid and never let a moment go by that she didn’t let everyone around her know it. If you had a question, even if it was not directed at her, she had the answer. But yet, she never kept her workload up to the levels of the rest of the team. Always with an excuse, she never completed her work on time and blamed others for the lack of cooperation. In meetings, Nancy had her arms folded, or her head down writing whatever came to mind on a piece of paper. When asked her input on anything her answer was always, â€Å"whatever the team decides.† But yet, she was the first one out of the gate to complain about decisions that had been made. Nancy is a prime example of: Passive Aggressive Behavior. Dealing with Nancy was difficult but yet she had a charm and gentleness about her that although she got on your nerves she also could be very sweet. Nancy had been with the company for over seventeen years, she was single, never  married and no family to speak of near her. Knowing Nancy as an unhappy, lonely person and understanding her past helped in dealing with her on a daily basis. Her behavior, although unacceptable, was due to her lack of self-image, her disbelief in her own abilities and her own lack of social skills. Her only way of communication was in a negative way. Complaints given, reviews with low scores, lack of promotion and even lack of increase in pay, have yet to change the behavior on Nancy part. It is surprising that she still has a job with the same company. Taking the time to view how to handle situations and interact with other people can greatly impact the workplace environment. It is important to deal with emotions in ways that are healthy and constructive to both yourself and those in your life. Although Nancy’s behavior had a negative impact on some of the co-workers, learning to tune her out was their way of handling her behavior. There were a couple of individuals that would call Nancy out on her behavior and in some cases it ended up with conflict between the two parties. Passive-aggressive behavior can cause problems in the workplace on both a personal and organizational level. Organizational politics has emerged in the last decade as a field of growing value and relevance for understanding managerial processes. Studies have examined various aspects of political behavior in the workplace but have not done enough to cover the full variety of aftermaths that such behavior may yield. (Vigoda, 2002) Office politics play a role in aggressive behavior as studies done by Ferris, Fedor, Chacher and Pondy (1989) suggest. In this study it was pointed out that self-interest may be consistent with or at the expense of others. Organizations politics can result in both a positive and negative outcome at work. Helen and Joe were both up for the same promotion at work. Joe was friendly outside of work with his supervisor, Tom. Helen, being a mother of a teenager, did not spend the time meeting others after work. Both individuals were on the same level with skills and knowledge, but Joe was promoted. Up to the time of the announcement, Helen and Joe were work time friends, often going to lunch together. After the announcement of Joe’s new role, Helen could not bring herself to continuing the friendship. In fact, Helen turned into a very passive aggressive individual often sabotaging Joe’s work to make him look bad. The role that  office politics played lead to the behavior of Helen; however, she finally saw how her behavior was only hurting her and came around to acceptance of Joe’s new role. Within a couple of years Helen had moved over to another department and by-passed Joe’s level within the company. Understanding the personality traits of co-workers and supervisors will be a positive aspect of dealing with the passive aggressive individuals. When dealing with someone who exhibits passive aggressive behavior, moderating your responses will help the individual work on changing their behavior. To show anger when dealing with these type individuals will only invest and encourage their behavior by bringing you into the aggressiveness. Choosing not to participate in passive aggressive behavior, either by calling out a co-worker on his/her conduct or by not exhibiting such behavior yourself, can only reap benefits. References Ferris, G. R., Fedor, D. B., Chachere, J. G., &Pondy, L. R. (1989a). Myths and politics in organizational context. Group and Organization Studies, 14, 83-103 Hopwood, Christopher J;Morey, Leslie C;Markowitz, John C;Pinto, Anthony;Skodol, Andrew E;Gunderso. The Construct Validity of Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder. Psychiatry; Fall 2009; 72, 3; ProQuest Central pg. 256 Vigoda, Eran. Journal of Organizational Behavior Stress-related aftermaths to workplace politics: The relationships among politics, job distress, and aggressive behavior in organizations 23. 5 (Aug 2002): 571-591.

Defining the Scope Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Defining the Scope - Essay Example There, however, comes a time when there is need to have some changes to the scope, and this automatically brings challenges to the operations. Scope changes, no matter how overwhelming, are always going to happen. The schedule may be one area in which scope changes affect the goings-on of a project. This then affects the schedule laid out at the beginning of the project, which in turn may affect the projected objectives and goals. Furthermore, the quality of the project may be affected if the situation is not salvaged quickly and efficiently. Quick fixes are often seen in this phase, thus; eroding the quality of the entire project. Unfortunately, there is also the issue of morale. People working on a project when faced with changes can become frightened and confused. People often plan ahead when it comes to projects, but sudden changes may affect the anticipated direction leading to low morale (Schwalbe, 2013). Handling these changes may be difficult, but it has to be done. One of the best ways to handle this would be to keep calm and stay in control. Once panic is present, then the entire project may be doomed. Change control mechanisms are crucial at this point, which may point out what direction to take to reach the intended objectives. Different people may have different control mechanisms so it is vital to understand what best works for the project team. One thing that is a fundamental part of this control mechanism is communication. It is vital at this point in the project phase because people need constant reassurance about their capabilities and the importance of project completion (Schwalbe, 2013). This is without compromising the quality of work

Comparison, contrast and evaluation of the business case for the use Essay

Comparison, contrast and evaluation of the business case for the use of high performance in the two organizations - Essay Example In short, it is a collaborative and a continuous process conducted between a supervisor and employee in order to plan, develop and evaluate employee’s performance. Effective performance management aligns the efforts of supervisors and the employees by helping the employees to perform at their best to reach their goals and ensures that the performance management system conducted with fairness and transparency. Hence, ongoing performance management of the employees helps the organization to monitor the performance of employee’s achievements goals (University of Virginia, 2010). Comparison, contrast and evaluation of the business case for the use of high performance in the two organizations TCS and Air India are two big Indian organizations, which obviously from their diverse sectors have something in common. However, Air India and TCS have been taken to show the contrast as well as the comparison existing between the two organizations in case of performance management sys tems. Performance Management system in TCS considered as a velocity centre of an organization. In addition, TCS a private sector enterprise and largest IT Company in India, has a full-bodied appraisal system, where appraisal system based on balance score card, which is conducted at the end of the year or at the end of the project. However, in January 2008 the appraisal system was conducted, it was seen that the employees who received a rating of two in performance improvement plan, which was for a fixed period and based on this plan they were given an additional training in order to improve their performance. In the absence of improvement in performance, employees were given the option to resign (Dezzler & Varkkey, (2009). Performance Appraisal is not implemented as a continuous process in Air India, whereas in TCS the employees gain the advantage of receiving the rewards for their performance for a longer period in terms of achieving its goals. The reason behind the high performanc e of the employees in TCS is that, the employees performance are being appreciated and recognized by their supervisors which leads to bring the improve productivity in the organization. However, the performance of the employees in the Air India compared to TCS is comparatively low. Various kinds of rewards like long service awards and offering performance based annual increment to the high performers, generally motivates the employees to contribute towards high performance in the workplace. In Air India, reward systems generally related to performance, which was first, introduced at the Senior Executive Service in the organization and Senior Officers were considered the detached employees in the public sector. Therefore, according to Mac, there are many public sector firms, which had taken some long steps in rigorous way while dealing with issues related to performance of the employees (Australian Government, 1968, p.17-18). The main motive behind conducting performance appraisal in TCS is based on the

Investment Analysis of BHP Billiton Company Case Study

Investment Analysis of BHP Billiton Company - Case Study Example This research will begin with the statement that Commonwealth Bank of Australia is a company that is based on Sydney Australia, it as founded in 1911 and its main line of business is provision of various banking and financial products and services to retail, small businesses corporate customers as well as institutional customers in Australia, New Zealand, the Asia pacific region, United Kingdom and the United States. An event study was carried out to determine the impact of the announcement of the 25 basis points decrease in cash rate by the Reserve Bank of Australia on 6th December 2011. The event window used to carry out this event study is the 10 days before the event announcement date, the event announcement date and the 10 days after the event announcement date denoted as day -10 to day +10 and the event announcement date is day zero. The estimation period on the other hand is period between day -510 and day -11. The closing adjusted weekly prices for the Commonwealth Bank of Au stralia and the all ordinaries index were obtained from yahoo finance for the estimation period and the closing adjusted daily prices were also obtained from yahoo finance for the event window. The all ordinaries index represents the market returns. The weekly returns of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia and the weekly logarithmic returns of the All Ordinaries Index were calculated using the formula ln (Pt/Pt-1) where Pt is the adjusted closing price of the security at time t and Pt-1 is the adjusted closing price of the security at time t-1.... indicating that regressing the returns of the CBA on those of the All Ordinaries index would yield a better result that will incorporate the effect of the outliers (Uliana Flynn & Correia, 2007). The regression result is as shown in table below. As shown in the table above, the value of alpha as represented by the intercept is equivalent to 0.00094 while the value of beta is equivalent to 1.00742. This indicates that the regression equation representing the relationship between the CBA returns and the Market returns as represented by the All Ordinaries Index is equal to Y = 1.00742x + 0.00094. This is the market model where Y is the dependent variable which is the expected returns of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia during the event window while x is the independent variable which is the market returns during the event window and alpha is the constant which is otherwise referred to as the intercept (Uliana, Flynn and Correia, 2007). Market model adjusted abnormal returns The market model adjusted abnormal returns is equivalent to the difference between the expected returns and the actual returns of Commonwealth Bank of Australia during the event window. The abnormal returns are the accumulated to arrive at the cumulative abnormal returns of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia during the event window as shown in the table below; As shown in the table above, the abnormal returns are given by the actual returns minus the expected returns of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia during the event window. The expected returns are calculated using the market model shown above. Findings As shown in the market model above, the beta of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is equivalent to 1.0074 indicating that it is a growth stock because it has a beta that is more than one. In

Determinants of an Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Determinants of an Exchange Rate - Essay Example The exchange rates between countries are also essential in determining the balance of payments. According to Levich (2001) there is no general theory of exchange rate determination. Various economists apply different theories to come up with the short-run and long-run determinants of exchange rates. However, most of them agree that exchange rates are determined by parity conditions such as inflation, interest rates, and purchasing power. They are also determined by terms of trade, government expenditure and political risks (Dwivedi, 2010). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the main determinants of exchange rate behaviour in the short-run and long-run and explain why exchange rates tend to be volatile and notoriously hard to predict. To better understand the exchange rates, the paper will first discuss the foreign exchange market and then it will look at the exchange rate regimes. It will then discuss the exchange rate determination in foreign exchange market using combination of b alance of payment and asset approach to determination of exchange rate. The IS-LM model developed by Hicks will be used to analyse the changes in the product and money market which have a bearing on exchange rates through balance of payments. This is a market where currencies are traded or domestic currency is exchanged for foreign currency. The market is assumed to be efficient in that the price of the currency in the market is determined by forces of demand and supply (Carbaugh, 2011). The financial market like goods.

Thought questions 3 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thought questions 3 - Coursework Example The idea of portraying a witch as an old, poor and female was the idea of the Christians to portray the witches as a bad example. They even went to the extreme of portraying them as wrinkled, rugged, and bed-ridden individuals. The idea was to make people dislike the witches as they were portrayed as evil people. In actual sense, witches were of varying ages, and there were young witches who were not poor. Both males and females engaged witchcraft so the portrayal of witches as always being old, poor, and female was inaccurate. Massive outbreak in witch-hunt broke out during the 16th century. During this period, the Christians were undergoing a very important historic reformation known as the Protestant Reformation. Christians had previously hunted witches, but the Reformation seems to have contributed to the mind attribute that placed the devil in a manageable perspective. The reformation had somehow managed to create a link and a perception to relate witchcraft and the devil, which justified the execution of witches. Eighty percent of witch-hunt victims were women most of whom were single. They were also between ages 45 years and 65 years. Most of them were at the bottom in the social status, nearly 80 percent. Most of them were disliked, quarrelsome and poor. Initially, witches were tried using the accusatory justice where they were presumed guilty until proved otherwise. The Christians latter popularized another system, inquisitorial type of justice where the defendant was innocent until proved otherwise. This method required that the one convicted of witchcraft give a confession. This was latter altered, and torture was included to obtain a confession from the accused witches. Free and voluntary confession by the suspected person of the crime made, examination and subsequent accusations were a ground of conviction. Another criterion was the affirmation of two credible persons under oath that they had witnessed the accused doing

Pathophysiology of diverticulitis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pathophysiology of diverticulitis - Essay Example The exact pathogenesis of diverticulitis is yet unknown (Hobson and Roberts, 2004). An insight into the structural changes in the diverticular disease has been found through studies on various postmortem and surgical specimens (Sheth et al, 2008). Initially, gastroenterologists proposed that a fecolith obstructing an abscessed diverticulum led to diverticulitis. However, in 1976, Sethbhakdi reported that studies on resected sigmoid diverticulitis specimens failed to support fecolith based pathogenesis theory. Infact, according to the author, these studies found perforation of the fundus of the diverticulum associated with pericolic or peridiverticular inflammmation in the resected specimens (Sethbhakdi, 1976). Also, 30 percent of the specimens showed no features of inflammation, but showed thickening of the intestinal wall (Sethbhakdi, 1976). The thickened and contracted colon part is known as mychosis. Mychosis was initially thought to be due to muscular hypertrophy. But now, it is understood to be due to elastin deposition and shortening of the bowel. Elastin deposition is thought to be due to increased uptake of a specific substance called proline from the Western diets (Sheth et al, 2008). ... Smaller perforations get covered by the pericolic fat. However, larger perforations can lead to other complications like abscess formation, rupture of intestine, fistula formation and peritonitis (Crowe et al, 2011). Fistulas can occur with other adjacent organs or with skin. The most common fistulas in men are colorectal fistulas. Fistulas are uncommon in women (Crowe et al, 2011). In population from the Western countries, the diverticula, especially in the colonic regions are "pseudo diverticula" because, the diverticula involve only the mucosal layer and submucosal layer and not the muscular and serosal layers (Sheth et al, 2008). There is whopping evidence that such pseudodiverticuli occur because of diets that are low in fibre. Among Asian population, the diverticuli are true diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). They involve all the layers of the intestine and they are mainly seen in the proximal colonic region, unlike pseudo diverticuli which are seen in the distal colon, mainly th e sigmoid colon (Sheth et al, 2008). Decreased dietary fiber leads to low-volume stools which alter the motility of colon, causing increased luminal pressures. Such high pressures occur when the sigmoid colon undergoes a process called segmentation during smooth muscle contraction. Segmentation leads to distinct compartments of the sigmoid colon. When the stool volume is low, segmentation is exaggerated and the elevated intrasegmental pressures are transmitted across the colonic wall leading to the development of diverticula (Sheth et al, 2008). Typically diverticuli occur at weak points in the intestinal wall like points where vasa recti penetrate the smooth muscle of the intestine (Sheth et al,

Music Therapy and its Effects on Hospitalization and Medical Essay

Music Therapy and its Effects on Hospitalization and Medical Procedures - Essay Example In conclusion the research shows that the utilization of music therapy is far to beneficial to not use as an interventive therapy for patients in the hospital as it has the power of changing negative perceptions into more positive ones which results in far better patient outcomes. The idea of music therapy being an alternative means of therapy for hospitalized patients has definitely grown over the past five years. Much of this is due to the fact that the evidence that has been gathered and identified concerning its effect's on patients is seemingly irrefutable as a means to bring positivism in a patient's life. Its main goal is to bring comfort and relaxation to the patient that is worried and filled with apprehension and anxiety over a medical condition or medical procedure that they must combat. It has also been found to be a great therapy in the recovery period of patients within a hospital environment as well. ... The findings of this research are meant to show that there is a need for this form of alternative therapy in the post-operative phase of surgical procedures, in physical therapy, medical testing, treatment regimens such as with cancer patients, and also the overall recovery period of patients as well. Therefore the gathered data is meant to try and bring validity into the utilization of this therapy so that it will be able to provide persuasion for its usage regardless of any costs associated with it. 1.1 Problems Associated with Music Therapy The main area of limitation that might be associative with music therapy is trying to provide irrefutable evidence that it is indeed an alternative method that places patients in a more tranquil and healing type of environment. Some researchers try to state that it is not as pertinent to hospital patients as other researchers' state it is and therefore there is some controversy associated with this methodology in the health care system. Also the studies that have been carried out on this technique have been relatively small which leaves it facing indecisiveness in regards to being placed as a permanent therapeutic element in a hospital environment. What is being implied is although it is often utilized, there is not sufficient evidence to offer 100 % validity on how effective it is in placing a positive element in the recovery process of patients in a hospital. However, this researcher personally feels that the areas in a hospital environment where music therapy has been utilized (sp ecifically post surgical and rehabilitative) have given credence to this therapeutic alternative as a positive way of reinforcing the patients' perception of the quality of their care and their environment. 1.2

American Historical Association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Historical Association - Essay Example The diversity of people makes them want to study history, as it would help them understand certain predicaments. History is mainly important to those individuals who want to find out the meaning of being humans. People who dwell on the history of the origin of human become more self-aware as, through it, individuals learn about the actions of individuals in the past. It is through the study of colonization that a person is able to understand completely what the European nations were doing in Africa (Velasquez, 2014). Events such as the Holocaust or Hiroshima bombing teaches a historian about the dangerous side of humans. It is vital for an individual who wants to develop the art of critical thinking to study history. This is cultivated by the detailed information and explanations provided in history. Individuals who found themselves in foreign places ought to study history to help them answers any questions that they may have. Some of the questions that they may have are the difference in color or accent (Velasquez, 2014). People in countries with different cultures would turn to history to help them understand the difference in the two cultural practices.

Necessity to study in Japan and future prospects Essay Example for Free

Necessity to study in Japan and future prospects Essay I am a sophomore student at the National University of Mongolia. I would like to study at the †¦. University as an exchange student for following reasons: I started learning Japanese from my second grade of elementary school. Afterwards, I had the great chance of visiting Japan twice, each for the duration of 3 months. It was a great experience for me as it broadened my views of the world and provided an opportunity to meet new people. I was also impressed by the kindness and honesty of the Japanese people and the magnificent development of the Japanese society. †¦. scholarship will give me opportunities to learn about Japanese university life, expand my eyes to campus intercultural diversity and increase my academic knowledge. After my return, I wish to build on my Japanese experience. Armed with both Japanese and Mongolian education and practice, I hope to excel in my field economics. First of all, in †¦. University I will study with International students; meet different people with different cultures, which mean I will expend my knowledge of other culture. I hope it may lead to future cooperation. †¦.. is a prestigious and well known world university. I am sure that my peers will be the most gifted students. So I think I should be hard working and work as a team with such excellent students. East Asian countries have high developed economics. In my opinion, there are many things to learn from Japanese economic system. So, it is very important for our students to study at highly developed country like Japan. I wm willing to take part in development of our country. 2. Study plan in Japan: If awarded this scholarship, I plan to take the following steps. During my time at †¦.. university, I plan to maximize my Japanese experience by taking several classes in Japanese and economics, both subjects which I am interested in. In my first semester I hope to take courses such as â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† and Japan’s â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† to create foundation. On that basis, in my second semester, I hope to take courses such as â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.† and â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..† to acquire a broader understanding of the subjects. Of course, I hope to contribute my knowledge of economics and novel experiences in class. When I return to Mongolia, I will be able to utilize my leanings and analyze local facts and economic phenomenon deepening my knowledge of economics. To balance my studies and personal experiences, I also plan to be active in social  activities in sports and culture. During my time at high school I started Kendo and enjoyed it very much. I hope to continue this sport and learn from the original masters. Through my active participation I will be able to make many friends who I will in turn invite to Mongolia one day. Such friendship may, in the future, lead to the basis of broader cooperation. Thank you for this opportunity.

Managing stress caused by Diabetes Mellitus

Managing stress caused by Diabetes Mellitus When being diagnosed with a chronic disease, it is not like catching the flu or breaking a bone, where one knows that sooner or later he/she will be feeling better. A person having a chronic disease is not sure of when he/she might feel better, as a matter of fact the disease may never go away, and actually it could get worse. These patients, most of the time feels tired and in pain however, it might affect the persons physical appearance and competence. At certain stages, a chronic disease might prevent the person from working thus, causing financial problems and stress. A sense of angriness is also common, while asking oneself, why this happened to me? On the other hand, the family and friends of the patients diagnosed with a chronic disease are also affected, especially due to on-going changes in their health status. The level of stress could easily increase therefore, becoming a prolonged subject thus, leading to frustration, anger, hopelessness, and in certain circumstances it c ould lead to depression and suicidal thoughts. Diabetes Mellitus, usually known as diabetes, is a long term condition where there is a large amount of sugar in the persons blood system and the body is incapable to use it accordingly. Diabetes can be diagnosed at any age and it develops when the pancreas is not able to produce enough insulin or when the body cells are unable to react to the insulin being produced. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is when the pancreas is not able to produce insulin. This, happens when the cells which produce insulin in ones body are destroyed. It is most common in children and adolescents though, could develop in adults. In type 1 diabetes the patient needs to inject insulin on daily basis. Type 2 diabetes is when the pancreas is producing insulin but it is not enough for the needs of ones body. It could also be that the insulin being produced is not being used correctly by the body. These patients are not dependant on insulin though, they still might be needing insulin if it is not well controlled or if the body does not respond to oral treatment. Gestational diabetes is when women have high blood glucose during pregnancy, even if they never had diabetes before. However, this could lead to type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. The impact of Diabetes Mellitus in patient and carers The persons impact when diagnosed with diabetes varies on different aspects including, psychologically, socially, economically, emotionally, and spiritually. There is a sense of shock, since the day before he/she was feeling all well and after blood tests he/she was told to have diabetes. Such patients dont want to believe what they are hearing and end up in denial, were one keeps on saying that he/she is feeling well. These patients dont come into terms that the condition is so serious. Anger is another element that they could develop, which sometimes these patients dont even realize due to the amount of frustration, and one keeps on saying this is not fair and why me?. A person with diabetes might even feel guilty, thinking that he/she had brought the condition, by eating a lot of chocolate since he/she was a child. Moreover, they could also blame Jesus for such a disease, especially if they suffer from other chronic diseases. As well known, living with diabetes could be very difficult to cope with thus, causing an enormous impact on the persons quality of life. Socially, their life changes as they will feel a loss of freedom to eat, since the person needs to change his/her diet, even though they have the best diet, which is even good for healthy persons, in order to live a healthy life. They dont accept the fact that they have to limit the amount of food intake so that there wont be any consequences. This is more difficult for the elderly to absorb, especially when it comes to bread. They wont accept the fact that they could only eat one slice of bread, if it is not brown. Moreover, most of our elderly people work on their fields, and yet again it is hard for them to limit the amount of fruit and cut down certain fruits. Furthermore, the elderly might end up depending even more on their family, since they might be suffering from other chronic conditions therefore; they might need transport to attend hospi tal appointments, as well as might have certain limitations in doing certain tasks, like having a bath, eating or getting dressed. Due to this, their carers might be frustrated and difficult to cope with them. Luckily enough, the health system in our country is free of charge so these patients wont go through a lot of economic problems, since their treatment and hospital appointments are offered free of charge. However, they might still be suffering economically, as they start missing a day from work due to hospital follow-ups, admissions to hospital or not feeling fit to go to work. Men do tend to suffer from high level of stress when diagnosed; this is due to the fact that they think that, as the disease progresses they have to stop working and will be worried who will be taking care of his family. They dont understand that by controlling their daily lifestyle, one could live a normal life. It has been shown that diabetes implements psychological burden both on the patient and family. This is well argued by Egede, Zheng Simpson, (2002) were they clearly stated that, considering the fact that psychological functioning would be poor, it might easily contribute suffering which might prevent the patient from successful self-management of their diabetes and this could be amalgamated with costs and poor medical outcomes. Therefore, health professionals need to keep an eye on the patients psychological well-being, as by treating and talking certain issues could easily improve their overall clinical outcomes. Moreover, diabetic patients who are less likely to control their glucose level are more prone to psychiatric illnesses, including depression, eating disorders and sometimes even suicidal thoughts. This is mostly due to the significant changes one needs to do in their lifestyle, together with prolonged poor management of treatment. Furthermore, the use of internet has become quite common among the patients therefore, having a good knowledge about possible long term complications, though it is good to know, could terrify the patient. At times, even minor injuries could implement a sense of discouragement and angriness as one would know that their body would take long to heal while, being more prone for infections. However, the sense of angriness could also be a call for help, were one is revealing his/her own fears of long term problems, deep emotions and even a sense of guilt about not being enough manageable with treatment and/or diet. Once again, health professionals need to be aware of such attitudes, as by listening, explaining and asking about the patients worries might relieve certain concerns regarding any underlying fears. Another psychological problem that is not usually brought up easily by the patient thus, need to be carefully tackled is, sexual dysfunction. A study conducted by De Berardis et al. ( 2002) resulted that, 45.6% of patients with frequent erectile dysfunction reported severe depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, sexual function is to be acknowledged as an essential part when one is dealing with a diabetic patients health. Patients suffering from type 2 diabetes can be initiated on insulin therapy, mostly due to uncontrolled glucose level. Again, emotionally they feel devastating, thinking that their condition is going to get worst, and further complications that they hear from other persons like going blind, amputation of limb, kidney failure, etc. going to develop soon. Nonetheless, Taylor et al. (2002) found out that at certain times, the health professionals were afraid to introduce insulin therapy to the elderly even though, the elderly were found to cope really well with glucose testing and self-administration of insulin. Insulin does tend to stabilise their blood glucose levels within few days thus, helps in allowing them to feel better and improving their cognitive function. On the other hand, to a certain point it is a whole different world when either children or adolescents are diagnosed with diabetes. In young children it is the parents who take control of the disease, and yet again their life changes since they need to adapt their lifestyle with that of their child. Parents might go into emotional problems, when they know that they have to explain their young child about the disease. Moreover, realising that their child will be on insulin and having their blood glucose level monitored on daily basis can be quite overwhelming for the parents. Therefore, parents could experience bereavement which is associated with reactions of grief (Lowes et al., 2004,2005). However, the parents without knowing might end up getting hold of their childs life a bit too much because of the possible complications that might arise. Another psychological problem that influences the parents is insulin, as it could be hard on them to inject it on their own child. Of course no parent wants to hurt their child apart from being difficult to explain to their child, that it is for their own good. Even though as times goes by it becomes part of their normal life. Furthermore, parents might find it difficult to control their childs dietary intake, since it is not easy to find a balance between their carbohydrate intake, insulin, and exercise which easily cause changes in the blood glucose level. Since hypoglycaemia can happen easily in children, sometimes with no particular reason, parents might find it difficult to allow a level of independence to their child. Therefore, this could result in emotional changes in the child such as, fear, angriness, sadness, and anxiety. Parents of children suffering from diabetes might go into economic problems, since a child depends on their parents. Therefore, a parent needs to miss a day from work to attend a hospital appointment or even one of the parents might need to reduce the working hours so as to have more time with their child. It was shown from studies that, when the parents are an essential part in the childs management of diabetes care, there is better adherence to treatment thus, reducing the possibility of hospitalization (Hanson et al., 1987; La Greca et al., 1995; Wysochi et al., 1995). Nevertheless, the impact of diabetes in children starts when they start attending school, as other children could bully or tease them by offering them food which they arent allowed to eat. Therefore, this could lead to a loss of confidence in social interaction, and they might feel that they are not accepted in society due to their condition thus, resulting in feelings of angriness, frustration, and distress. This i s well backed up by Kovacs et al. (1985) were they stated that, due to mood changes, sense of guilt, feeling sad about what their future will be like, missing school and even insulin shots, are common problems encountered within the young children. Moreover, when they reach their teens, they might ignore everything so as to appear normal in front of their peers, this is to try and achieve a state of normality. For this reason, it could lead to uncontrolled diet and even missing insulin shots so that their friends wont judge or bully them. At times, they even dont to go out with their friends as they might be afraid of having an episode of hypoglycaemia. On the other side, adolescents would be feeling distressed when their parents are over protective towards them, and wont let them go anywhere without them. However, this could also lead to some sort of depression, as they start thinking that they could never live a normal life like their friends. Unfortunately, evidence has shown that at certain times in adolescents, suicidal thoughts were noted thus, hindering the adolescent quality of life and self-management (Debono Cachia, 2007). Thus, health professionals do need to provide adequate education and support to the parents sin ce the day of diagnosis, as well as when the child grows up, so as to assure them that their child could still live a normal life and clear up any psychological problems. As Schur et al. (1999) stated, parents who are knowledgeable and capable of understanding what diabetes is all about to their child are more competent to provide their child with the appropriate care. However, understanding the child and having an element of knowledge are not the only answers in providing better care to their child, as parents do need also to know the ways how to support their child (Kyngas Hentinen, 1995). Therefore, parents need to trust their child and of being capable to take care of themselves, since this will allow self-motivation and wont feel different from the rest of the family and friends. Thus, decreasing the level of psychological problems these children and adolescents go through. Empowering the patients and carers Patient empowerment is a means of helping patients to be able to make his/her own decisions together with, being active in their own self-care. However, meaning also, that the patient is getting well educated in how to manage and implement new tasks in his/her daily living, managing the effected roles in their life, as well as controlling the emotional impact of the illness. There are various ways how health professionals could help patients to cope with diabetes. The common sense model of self-regulation plays a good role in aiding patients to reduce obstacles and achieving identified goals. The common sense model, guides the chronic ill patients to come into terms with their disease, understand better what its complications could be thus, they will be capable to evaluate the effects of acting on this understanding (Leventhal, Meyer, Nerenz, 1980). Leventhal, Nerenz, Steele, (1984) described five components of illness representations in order to help patients make sense of their symptoms and monitoring any coping actions. These include identity, cause, time-line, consequences, and controllability. Identity is the name that patients and other people give to the condition, together with all the symptoms that go with it. Unfortunately, people do tend to label these patients, even though sometimes it is with no heart feelings, but for the patient being diagnosed might mean a lot. Therefore, through the health professionals knowledge and experience, it is their role to aid patients in identifying behaviours, personal goals and motivating them to acquire self-determined goals. However, it is quite vital to help diabetes patients to come into terms from the beginning that they are the only ones who can manage efficiently their disease. Cause is another disease representation. This representation might be established from further information gathered through the patients own experience from family members suffering from diabetes, and could also be gathered from other lay persons, media, and health professionals, reflecting certain issues of unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, stress, and other pathogens. As mentioned above, patients do feel guilty, thinking they brought the disease on themselves by not eating healthy. Holman Lorig, (2000) noted that when health professionals engage the patients as their partners in their on-going care, without any doubts they do intend to commit themselves better in managing their chronic disease. However, patient education is quite vital as it aids them to understand better their disease, improving their knowledge, and increasing skills and knowledge thus, allowing the patients to take over on their condition. Cause could easily prolong depression that is why it is essential to empo wer these patients to take into account physiological and personal psychosocial factors. At the end, helping patients to discover and develop the fundamental capacity in order to be responsible for their own life is the health professionals aim. This is patient empowerment (Funnell Anderson, 2004). As health professionals, one does need to educate the patient regarding the benefits of a well-balanced diet and performing regular exercise. Evidence have shown that, eating a healthy diet and undergoing regular exercise benefits in decreasing the risks of further complications associated with diabetes (Clark, 2004). After undergoing blood tests and other tests, to evaluate if the patient is diabetic, the first target in controlling the blood glucose level is diet, exercise, and self-monitoring of blood sugar level. Again it is the health professionals role to enhance motivation and providing them with diet counselling and leaflets. Furthermore, within the primary setting, weight reducing sessions are provided thus, empowering the patient to take control over his/her dietary habits. Time-line is the prognostic belief regarding for how long the disease might last. Patients diagnosed with diabetes at times they dont come into terms that they need to be on medications, diet and/or insulin for life. Therefore, when hemoglucose test or blood test results within normal ranges, patient might stop his/her medications without consulting. Both nurses and medical practitioners need to leave behind the approach of trying to get patients to adhere and comply better with their condition. The health care provider is usually seen as the person who is the expert on the disease, and knows what the best is for the patient, while providing an advising system to treat patients. Therefore, this kind of approach might cause resistance and could easily neglect what is the most vital to patients. However, due to this, patients might be in denial and dont be able to move on thus, not being able to control their glucose levels. On the other hand, Funnell Weiss (2008) argued that, as time goes by, it is the patients him/herself who suffers from diabetes that will eventually become an expert about his/her own diabetes, how it does effect him/her physically, practically and emotionally. Additionally, to establish an effective behavioural intervention, health professionals need to first evaluate what are the basic problems for poor diabetes control; these also include psychological and social problems together with lack of knowledge. Nevertheless, an interpersonal relationship needs to be formulated, so both the patient and health professional could listen to each others opinions, while setting up a sense of trust in each other therefore, when the patient is ready to listen and learn more about the condition, one could provide directives (Delamater, 2006). Consequences, is another disease representation within the common sense model. The patient will be in a terrifying state because of the consequences that could develop due to uncontrolled diabetes. However, the health care provider needs to reassure, that he/she could still live a normal live even though there is the need to change their daily life style. An active listening strategy could be used, were the nurse will help the patients to set up a plan that accords their lives, rather than requiring patients to adjust their lives to become suitable for their diabetes. Moreover, to prevent any consequences it is of vital importance to empower patients to recognize their sources of practical and emotional support. Family members are usually the primary support team for these patients. Thus, others could inquire support from friends, health care providers, and other people suffering from diabetes. Nevertheless, the most important is that they have someone with whom to share their concer ns. Luckily enough, around Malta one might find various diabetes support groups, were one could seek for help and support. Hearing and speaking to someone who suffers from same condition, allows them to understand better their condition and could easily pick up certain tips how to deal with any kind of symptom, rather than providing them with informative leaflets. Since when giving them leaflets, most of the time they do read them out but eventually they tend to leave them there and forget about them. Support groups are also established for the patients family and carers as without any doubts, their carers life changes too in order to support them with their condition. At the end, both the support and health care teams need to evaluate what the patient wants and demands from them, so as to abate any misunderstanding and frustration. In return nurses and the support team leaders have to assist the patients in figuring out what they could faithfully offer. Controllability is the belief regarding whether the disease could be kept under control together with the degree to which the patient plays an important role in acquiring it. Here the health care providers need to help patients and their carers to develop a health care plan. Both the patient and health professional need to work hand in hand and sometimes patients do accept the practitioners recommendations regarding certain treatment but then prefers to make their own physical and meal plan. However, nurses do need to aid patients to acknowledge how much flexibility they need in their life. Since certain patients are capable to follow a strict meal plan while others prefer to change their daily lifestyle to accord with their commitments. Moreover, certain patients prefer to have their blood glucose level checked daily to plan their activity and dietary intake. Furthermore, establishing targets could also aid in controlling their diabetes, for example, controlling their weight, blood pressure, and their HbA1c level. Thus, when having positive results, patients tend to be more motivated. However a self-management plan includes exercise, meal plan, medications, insulin, blood sugar monitoring, stress management, problem solving, and emotional support. This plan needs to compromise the patients and carers ability to involve these strategies in their daily routine. Teaching both the patient and family how to check their own blood glucose level and how to self-inject their insulin provides an element of independency thus, reducing stress levels of having to take time off from work to attend the clinic. Empowering the children and their family might be complex and energetic. Health professionals need to be quite skilled, having good communication relationship, a sense of humour, compassion and possesses a good knowledge in paediatric diabetes. Psychological interventions are vital for the child and adolescent suffering from diabetes especially if their parents are involved. Through research it has been noticed that, when having their parents part of their behavioural procedures, like self-monitoring, planning a goal, good communication and support, being positive towards them, and sharing responsibility in their diabetes management has improved their adherence in medications, diet, and glucose levels (Debono Cachia, 2007). Moreover, being part of a support group where the participants are all youths, might help them to feel better within themselves and come into terms that they are not the only ones suffering from diabetes. Thus, making friends with each other could help them to ma ture and help each other in difficult moments. Daisy that is part of the Maltese diabetes association, does provides support groups for the parents and mostly support groups for the children and youths, live-inns, summer camps, and various activities to help them understand more about their condition and how to live with it. Mostly, they help them to be in control of their diabetes and not the other way round. Like adults, both children and youths need to have a healthy diet plan since as well known it is the first step in controlling blood glucose levels. However, youths need to be educated to be strong and not neglect their diet so as to look cool in front of their friends, and afterwards end up injecting extra units of insulin from their normal dose. Here family does play a fundamental role, since if the family is obese and might be suffering also from diabetes and have poor control, without any doubts they are being a column of unhealthy behaviours. Nevertheless, when the parents are implementing healthy behaviours, they are sharing positive influence towards their diabetic child. Moreover, the health care provider still needs to help the parents of young children and youths to sort out a self-management plan. Young children needs to be thought the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and when they feel the symptoms to eat some carbohydrates, since eating sweets it will only increase their blood glucose level temporarily. However, youths do need to explain to their friends regarding their disease in order to be able to help them if an episode of hypoglycaemia occurs. Conclusion Many different interventions has been established throughout the years in order to empower patients who suffer from diabetes, these include complex educational programmes, which are an important role in empowering these patients to achieve in managing their diabetes. Through evidence, it have been shown that both the patients and their carers are acquiring good approaches and contacts to services required to empower them in managing their lifestyle and health (Begum Por, 2010). However, Begum Por (2010) argued that certain patients with diabetes are still unconcerned that support groups or educational programmes are available thus, meaning that these interventions are not well publicized. Therefore, health professionals do have an important role in instructing the patients and their carers about these services. Moreover, in order to be able to assess the common sense model, there is the need of describing how to implement these interventions and protocols need to be established and published. This will help both the health professionals and lay persons to get a better understanding how these interventions are implemented and through this one could build-up a body of practical and theoretical knowledge. Health psychologists do have a fundamental role in helping the patients and their carers to implement the common sense model into their daily living. Furthermore, health professionals need to come into terms that it is essential to involve the parents when caring for children with diabetes, so as to help them managing and controlling their condition. One needs to keep in mind that young children are not capable of caring for their diabetes on the other hand; youths cannot be counted on being able to implement all of their diabetes management care on their own. Therefore, educational programmes need to be provided to the childs whole family. To conclude, it is essential that health care providers teach these patients that they are the leaders for their diabetes, how to control and that self-management care is not an easy task if they are not motivated. However, by aiding them and keep following them on regular basis on could help these patients and their carers to successfully live a healthy lifestyle while becoming their own doctors in self-managing their condition.

Prayer Is Central To Our Lives As Christians Religion Essay

Prayer Is Central To Our Lives As Christians Religion Essay Prayer is central to the Christian way of life, just as Jesus always prayed to his Father in Heaven, so he taught his followers to pray. Two statements in the Gospel summarise the entire development of our prayer life: the request of the Apostles Lord teach us how to pray and the complaint of Christ could you not watch one hour with me. In understanding prayer we must be able to distinguish two things: the obligation to pray and the desire to pray. The desire for prayer is that internal attraction towards prayer. It is not a question of attitude being I ought to pray but a question of I want to pray. There is a midway stage where people say I want to do what I ought to do, this is fair and proper but is it insufficient? There has to grow within us a desire for prayer, nostalgia for prayer, a taste for prayer. For me, prayer is a surge of the heart: it is a simple look turned towards heaven, it is a cry of recognition of love, embracing both trial and jury St Therese of Lisieux. My ow n understanding of prayer is a way of communicating, talking to God. It is having a one to one relationship with God. Others see it as listening for the prompting of the Holy Spirit (www.Kaldu.org) Nowadays, we are all very busy and our minds are pre-occupied with many things, people experience the difficulties life presents to our prayers. Some prayers are spontaneous such as the Hail Mary. There are litanies which are repetitive prayers such as Mother of God pray for us and there are traditional payers. Prayer is engaging in conversation with God and his Saints and can become as natural as talking to our family and friends. Prayer is central to our lives as Christians; it can and should touch every moment of the day. Catholic prayer must and should be part of your normal life and not something extra that you add onto it. What you practice each day youll do for eternity (www.beginningcatholic.com) Some people choose to only pray in a formal way, together with others in a church. Many also pray at home, alone in the privacy of their rooms and their own quiet thoughts. Prayers said in the morning will help you to face the challenges of our day and the prayers we say at night help us to review the events of the day and we can beg for Gods forgiveness. In the past morning prayers were said during battles, to help them face the day as they were not sure if they would survive and then said prayers in the evening to say thank you. We can pray before meals, in the car and when trouble disturbs our lives. We can pray when joys lift our minds and we can say thank you to God and we can also pray for others. Just like family and friends, we depend on God for everything so it is in prayer we are able to acknowledge that dependence on Him. In the Old Testament there are psalms, these are expressions of praise and lamentation, of thanksgiving and petition. Psalms are meant to be sung and a tambourine or harp was used in the past to accompany them. Today, the psalms form the basis of the Liturgy of the Hours which is the official prayer of the church. Psalms are written about everyday emotions, there is a psalm or scripture that represents or shows what we are going through or facing in life. In our weakness we go to God and we pray, just like in the garden, when Jesus was facing his passion, He went off from them about the distance of a stones throw and knelt down and pray. Father, he said, if you will, take this cup of suffering away from me (Luke 22. 41-44). This showed the humanity and weakness of the three disciples when they fell asleep. Prayer should never be divorced from life, nor a bolt on to the life of the school but it must underpin all we do and who we are. It is to the extent that we are rooted in prayer, both communal and solitary, that we will be able to discover our mission and have the strength to carry it out. A Catholic education provides children with academic excellence enhanced with traditional Christian values. Catholic schools set out to guide and encourage children to explore Gods creation and to discover something of the creator, so prayer and worship give children the greater understanding of the teachings of Jesus; give them a greater understanding of the life of Jesus; it develops a sense of curiosity; a sense of joy and fun; encourages forgiveness; helps them to come to terms with sorrow and how to engage in symbolic action. As teachers, we model respect for all and on acceptance of each childs talents, abilities and personal challenges. We create a safe loving environment that encourages ch ildren to believe in their capabilities and to work toward their potential. From birth, children try very hard to communicate so the first and most powerful influence on our childrens prayer life will be our own. Prayer is a gift of God Gift is a good word to describe prayer because praying is not something we can do of ourselves, we do not know how to pray as we ought, prayer is a gift God must give (www.cptryon.org/prayer/child) It is our job to help children use this gift and connect faith to life so that prayer informs practice and is integrated into practicalities of our everyday lives. How we pray and the words we use will be the role model that can either liberate or sadly also inhibit the children. We need to help young children entrusted to our care develop and grow in their own understanding of prayer. Even though we are role models for prayer, modelling does not mean we should dominate or talk too much; we must also listen and invite them to participate. Prayer in the classroom can give children firsthand experience of the different roles of communal prayer. Class assemblies are an ideal method of encouraging children to pray. A bible story is a good beginning, the story is read followed by a class discussion on what the story means for us. The children can try and act out the story in small groups and they can choose the most effective bits from the acting that they would like to include. All children are encouraged to participate in speaking. Children can write their own prayers in relation to the bible story. Some children can use puppets to show the audience the story. Parents and children in the school are invited to watch the assembly; this shows the importance of how the children are part of a bigger family, not just at home but of church and prayer life. When children pray they: Give glory to God Celebrate all that is good Say thank you for life Provide opportunities to reflect upon what is meaningful, significant concern for them. Doing prayers in lots of different creative ways can be fun and has its place in childrens work. We know children flourish best where there are safe boundaries within which they can relax. A safe place allows them the freedom to experiment and express themselves in prayer. Prayer should always be appropriate to the age of the children. To lead children into a habit of prayer is to have a simple focus; this could be a song, music, a lighted candle, a cross. It could be a piece of craft which has come out of the days work. A picture is always a great focus, especially a global picture as it reminds the children they are talking with the creator of heaven and earth. It is important to make a sacred place in schools for prayer; it doesnt have to be a place where we all go together. If there are images these need to be selected carefully, not too many otherwise they could distract the children from their thoughtful time. When planning prayer with children we need to keep it short and simple. When they are composing their own prayers they need to know what they are praying about. Prayer creates community unity between people unity of purpose. It is important to listen carefully to childrens prayers and to learn from them. It is also crucial to listen to their silences as these are of course also prayers. Like with many things, the simplest way is very often the best way. There are so many activities we can do in school that will encourage and develop prayer. Daily assemblies, regular visits to the Cathedral, altars in class, singing hymns, prayer books made by the children, these can be sent home so they can share their prayers with families. We could have a prayer box where children, when old enough, write their prayer down and place it in the special box, other children can draw their prayer. A variety of colours of paper can be used to express the moods of prayers. In our school, we are lucky enough to have a prayer garden, the children can tie a ribbon to the tree and take a moment to say a prayer or have some thoughtful time. Our staff meetings begin with a reflection or prayer so it is not just the children who are encouraged to pray in a school environment. Circle times allow all children to participate in prayers, passing a cross or special object around in turn. In school it is vital to teach the children to pray also to saints. Our children need to know who St. Joseph is, what his beliefs were, why is our school called after him. They will realise what an important man he was as over half the schools in our diocese are called St. Joseph. They will learn that he is the protector of the Holy Family and the importance of him. Children are novices at life in general and find many tasks and demands they do in school full of uncertainty. They are more limited than adults in how much they can attend to and memorise. Prayer develops the spiritual lives of the children but has to be achieved at their pace and understanding. We all need to pray for an increase of faith. When life goes smoothly we do not see a need to pray but when things go wrong we realise the importance of them. Prayer is a very intimate and personal experience. The good habit of prayer that is nurtured and encouraged will help children later on in their adult journey of faith. Number of Words 1836

The Abandonment of the Jews by David Wyman Essays -- Jewish Holocaust

The Abandonment of the Jews by David Wyman â€Å"To kill the Jews, the Nazis were willing to weaken their capacity to fight the war. The United States and its allies, however, were willing to attempt almost nothing to save them† (Pp 5). If we would have put half as much energy into loving the Jews as Hitler spent hating the Jews we could have made a great difference. Wyman’s book, The Abandonment of the Jews was very intriguing to me. Although I found it very thorough it left me wanting to know how something this horrible could have been allowed to happen. Although Wyman does discuss why more was not done, I am still horrified that this was allowed to happen. Wyman proves that the US should and could have done more to help the dying Jews. I found a reoccurring theme to be that a large problem was that Jewish people had nowhere to go. No one wanted them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book begins by giving a brief background into the setting of America at the onset of the war. It details an anti-Semitic America. It also explains most of the anti-Semitism as passive, which ordinarily would do little harm, but during a holocaust crisis became a reason for America’s inaction. The book then jumps right into the emergence of information that became available. The first major report was the Bund report. This estimated the number of victims to already be over 700,000. This report and the ones to follow were hard to believe. The state departments skepticism kept the news from reaching the media for several months. They were convinced that the deportations were for slave labor even though this explanation has huge flaws. As more reports of the mass murders developed they were finally confirmed, 17 months after the first killing began. One of the first steps taken was that seven different Jewish organizations came together to form the Temporary Committee. They decided on 5 steps of action and after obtaining them they dissolved the committee without much accomplished. Some of the steps included press announcements, a national day of mourning, and a meeting with President Roosevelt. The committee wanted action but had prepared no proposals. All they left with from their meeting with FDR was an agreement that the president would warn Germany of war crimes. This was the only meeting FDR granted to Jewish leaders. In December 1942 the UN Declaration was signed by the 3 main allies... ...to be able use this as an example and as a bargaining tool to convince other countries to do the same, but the small effort did not convince anyone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The War Refugee Board may have saved as many as 200,000 Jews, but it was in no way as effective as it should have been. The two biggest downfalls were that it was not funded properly and it was established too late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sad fact is that during the time when humanity needed our help the most we let red tape, fear and greed keep us from helping. Wyman suggests many options that were available to help that would not have harmed our military effort yet we refused to try. We are now stuck with this burden of not knowing. Unfortunately they were not American nor were they British. Even worse they were not only foreigners but also Jews. Wyman suggests this is a huge reason why we were not willing to save them. After reading this book the conclusion to a pageant meant to inform Americans of the Nazi atrocities has stuck with me. The corpse of a people lies on the steps of civilization. Behold it. Here it is! And no voice is heard to cry halt to the slaughter, no government speaks to bid the murder of human millions end(pp91).

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy, and induced abortion is when a woman makes the decision to have her pregnancy ended in a surgical or medical way. The social conflicts arising from abortion have been around since the procedure was invented, and have risen since 1973 when it became legal after the Roe versus Wade decision. Communities are constantly battling over the issues of Pro-Choice and Pro-Life and how far into a pregnancy is too long to have the procedure performed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several reasons that a woman may choose to abort a pregnancy. She may not feel she is ready to become a parent, or cannot support a baby at her current level of income or immature age. She may not want to be shunned upon by becoming a single parent or letting anyone know that she is pregnant and sexually active. An older woman might be dealing with the issues of already having enough children or she or the fetus could have a health problem. Another common occurrence of a woman wanting an abortion could be if she falls victim of rape or incest. The necessity of abortion within these circumstances draws great conflict from different points of view, especially those pertaining to religion. Many people have different ideas concerning which conditions are valid reasons to abort a pregnancy, while others feel the procedure is wrong no matter what.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All women, and even men, can be affected by this social conflict. According to Planned Parenthood, Nearly half of all women will have an abortion by the time they are 45 years old. About five million women in the U.S. become pregnant every year. Half of those pregnancies are unintended, and 1.2 million end in abortion. Promiscuous women Nicholson  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 2 using abortion almost as a form of birth control are the ones that bring about the most conflict of interest. Women living in inner-city areas with a high crime rate are more susceptible to become victims of rape, and therefore seek relief through abortion should a pregnancy occur. Abortion is a common social problem worldwide. Approximately 210 million women around the world become pregnant each year. Out of all of these pregnancies, 80 million are unplanned, and 46 million will end in abortion. Internationally, the lifetime average is about one abortion per woman (After Three Decades). â€Å"In the United States, following the Roe v.

Power of Six Book Report

John is superhuman. He has several superpowers, including telekinesis and immunity to fire. 2. John is brave. Despite being hunted by an entire race of aliens, he trains hard and never loses hope. 3. John is caring. He shows that he cares about how Sam and Six feel, and always puts them first. 4. John is determined. When training with Sam and Six, he is often bested in fighting by Six. This is hard for him, as she is a girl, and there are some stereotypes floating in his head, but he still always gets up to go again. 5.John is impulsive. He often acts without thinking out of either anger or want. For example, when the leader of the Microorganism arrived on Earth, he walked straight into an energy force field after him, knocking himself out. Conflict sec 3 Internal Conflict – John loves Sarah, but he also likes Six, and is always around her that creates a tension between John and Six, which often tantalizing him to make a move on her. I chose this for the internal conflict beca use it is a classic love triangle, and brings a key emotional side to the story. , which is key to the story.External Conflict – A major external conflict in this Tory is when 10 – 20 Microorganism attack John, Six and Sam. They burn their house down, attack and try to kill them and attempt to steal the chest that has John's inheritance in it. I chose this as a main external conflict because it is the first real external conflict. It also shows not only the power of the Microorganism, but also how quickly and effectively they can find John and the other Lori as they only lived at that house a few days and it was miles from any other civilization. Genre sec 4 This story is science fiction.It is sic-if because, first, there are two alien races involved: the Loire and the Microorganism. Also, there is some futuristic technology such as shuttles that can complete cross-galaxy trips, and weapons that shoot balls of energy, rather than bullets. Theme statement sec 6 Don't Ju dge a book by its cover. Work hard and you can do great things. Plot map Exposition Six reveals her past, and how she was captured and detained by Microorganism. Rising Action John and Six and Sam are attacked in Florida. John, Six and Sam go back to Paradise and are caught by the FBI. Six helps John and Sam break out of prison after FBI capture.Ella finds Marina's chest, and Marina pens it. Crayon reveals himself as not Macedonian, but Lori. Climax John and Sam go to the hive, find the chest and find Nine. Falling Action Six saves Marina when Macedonian army attacks. The leader of the Macedonian race, Strauss Ra, arrives on Earth. Resolution Crayon decides that Six and Martina and Ella must go after the other Lori and unite them. Background The series starts when the planet Lories is invaded by the evil Nonagenarians. In Loris's final hour, its inhabitants, the Lori, send nine children and their guardians to Earth on a large spaceship.Each carries a locked chest that contains their inheritance. This chest is vital to their survival. They are numbered 1-9, their number will often be substituted for their name. A charm is put on them so that they can only be killed in the order of their numbers. 1 through 3 are killed. The main character, John –who is number 4 and up next to be hunted lives in Paradise, Ohio, but is found by the Microorganism, and his guardian is killed. However, he meets number Six and they travel together along with John's human friend, Sam. The Power of Six begins at this point.

Mary Shelley’s Essay

Here we see how Victor’s changed. He used to be able to strive for his ambitious dreams and what he aimed to achieve and look forward to his unrealistic dreams in his sleep that in reality would never happen. Now, he has to rely on his dreams at night to get any sort of self-satisfaction. In chapter five there are themes that are again evident throughout the novel. As I mentioned previously, we see in chapter five that Victor creates the Monster to obtain glory. This glory disappears as Victor realises what he’s done. Here we see the danger of what a thirst for ambition can lead to. Similarly, in Walton’s first letter we see that Walton too will risk everything for glory-he says, â€Å"I preferred glory to every enticement that wealth placed in my path†. He the goes on to say that he’s prepared to risk everything for success. Walton later had to turn back his ship, because he knew where to stop and didn’t want to put other peoples’ lives in danger. Victor, however, didn’t know where to stop, and his original ambition led to the deaths of many people. The theme of responsibility is seen in chapter five and later throughout the novel. We see Victor’s complete lack of responsibility for the first time in chapter five. Victor abandons the Monster, and says that he â€Å"did not dare return to the apartment which I inhabited†-he’s running away. When Clerval arrives, Victor tells him that he’s better now that he’s, â€Å"length free†. He’s trying to forget about it, and therefore can’t face up to it, move on or even begin to take responsibility. We see this again in chapter eight. Here, Victor talks about his feelings of guilt when Justine is sent to prison, but does nothing about it. In chapter twenty Victor begins to take responsibility when he describes the Monster’s creation as â€Å"selfish†. After Elizabeth’s death, however, Victor continues to blame anyone for himself for her death, and talks about how the events had been a â€Å"take of horrors†. What he doesn’t seem to realise that he’s brought all of these horrors on himself-after all, it was him who made the Monster. I think that this theme running through the novel is Mary Shelley’s way of saying that until you accept your mistakes and take responsibility for them, you can’t move on. Therefore, not taking responsibility can have disastrous consequences, which is seen in this novel. Mary Shelley also shows us the importance of friends and family in chapter five. When the Monster first comes to life, Victor is obviously quite unstable and depressed. When Henry Clerval arrives, Victor says that, â€Å"Nothing could equal my delight on seeing Clerval†. He then goes on to say that Clerval brought back thoughts of his home and family, and that he now felt, â€Å"calm and serene joy†. As Victor recovers, he says that his father, â€Å"knew that I could not have a more kind and attentive nurse than himself† regarding Clerval. I think that this shows that it was Henry who helped Victor recover, and without him Victor would probably have remained ill and mentally unstable. This was Mary Shelley’s way of showing what the effect of a good friend can be. We also see the themes of family and friendship throughout the novel. In chapter one, Victor talks about how his first recollections were his father’s smile and benevolent pleasure. In chapter two, Victor talks about friendship with Henry Clerval, and goes on to say that, â€Å"No human being could have passed a happier childhood† that himself. His friends and family were the reason for this. Victor’s friends and family were always there for him when he needed it most; when Victor is held in Ireland, his father travels to see him. Victor says that, â€Å"Nothing could have given me greater pleasure† than his arrival. However, when the Monster needed Victor the most, Victor abandoned him completely. This has devastating effects. When the Monster sees the De Laceys smiling with, â€Å"such kindness and affection† at each other, he’s unable to cope. He withdraws to the window, â€Å"unable to bear these emotions†. The Monster goes on to commit atrocious crimes as a result of this abandonment. I think that this is Mary Shelley’s way of saying how important friends and family really are. In chapter fifteen, De Lacey says that, â€Å"to be friendless is indeed to be unfortunate†. I think that Mary Shelley is trying to put this across throughout the novel. Without friends and family, a person won’t be able to get through the hard times in their life with sanity. This is what happened when the Monster took away Victor’s family and friends. Victor had nothing left. Finally, the theme of knowledge is evident in chapter five and then throughout â€Å"Frankenstein†. In chapter five, Henry Clerval talks about his father’s view on knowledge. Henry viewed knowledge as good, but he talks about how his father had a â€Å"dislike† of learning. Henry goes on to say that his father believed learning stopped at bookkeeping, and therefore university and excessive knowledge was unnecessary. Henry and Victor, however, view knowledge as a good thing. Henry describes the quest for knowledge as a, â€Å"voyage of discovery† and Victor often talks about his thirst for knowledge. Victor also talks often about his desire to learn the, â€Å"physical secrets of the world† and, â€Å"the secrets of heaven†. Similarly, the Monster also has a desire to learn. When talking in chapter twelve, he says that he, â€Å"ardently desired to become acquainted with† the ways that people communicated with each other-especially when it came to talking. This shows how similar he was to Victor himself. I think that Mary Shelley had similar views on knowledge to Henry Clerval’s father, and that she tries to get them across to readers in chapter five and then throughout the rest of the novel. After all, it was ultimately Frankenstein’s thirst for knowledge that led to him creating the Monster, and as a result of his lack of responsibility that the Monster killed so many people. Therefore, I think Mary Shelley is trying to say that knowing everything is anything but good and that we need to be aware of that. I think that there were many hidden meanings in the novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, and that many of these seem to be apparent in chapter five. â€Å"Frankenstein† was very innovative for its time; it’s viewed by many as the first piece of science fiction. It shocked people when it was published because at the time very few people spoke out about society in the way that Mary Shelley did. There were many scientific advances at the time the novel was written. People had begun to realise the potential of electricity. In 1802, scientist Galvani ran a current through a frog’s leg and made it move, and in 1803 scientist Aldani attached a battery to a corpse and claimed that it had moved. This caused some scientists to believe that eventually, with the power of electricity, man could be able to live forever. I think that Mary Shelley is trying to get this point across in†Frankenstein†. She was trying to say that humans should not attempt to â€Å"play God†-who is, after all, the only thing that has the right to give or take life. I think that she is trying to say that as soon as man begins to give or take life, there could be disastrous consequences and it therefore should not be experimented with. Mary Shelley is also considered one of the first feminists. By putting across the point that only God can create life, she may also be trying to say that only women can give life. Men don’t have that ability, and should not try to change that. Whilst she was writing â€Å"Frankenstein†, Mary Shelley was reading a book called Emile by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He argued that when they were born, all men are harmless but it is in fact society that makes them evil. It was as a result of Victor’s initial rejection of the Monster in chapter five and other peoples’ rejection of him throughout the rest of the novel that the Monster turned evil-and that was all because of his appearance. I think that Mary Shelley was trying to say how wrong this was. Victor himself was extremely prejudiced towards the Monster in his narrative. Right from after his creation, Victor referred to the Monster as â€Å"the Monster† and â€Å"daemon† as opposed to even just giving it a name. He rejected it because of the way it looked, and the rest of society went on to do the same. It was this prejudice that began in chapter five that Mary Shelley was trying to say was wrong throughout the rest of the novel.