Pragmatism as a Philosophy :: Skepticism, Rationalism, Metaphysics

I acquit often heard people use the word pragmatic to describe actions, laws or feelings, and I never genuinely gestateed at pragmatism as a philosophy before. As we study this semester I found myself asking unity doubt about each philosophy we cover. We discussed skepticism and the claim that we ease up no knowledge (Lawhead, W., The Philosophical Journey, 2009, p. 55). We compared rationalism and empiricism which posit that we do have knowledge, notwithstanding disagree on whether that knowledge comes from intellect or experience (Lawhead, p. 55). Along with that we covered Kants attempt bridge the gap between rationalism and empiricism, cognise as constructivism (Lawhead, p. 120). We moved on to the different varieties of relativism, and I still found myself asking the same thing. So what? In other words, does any of this really enumerate? Then we got to pragmatism, and I found that it asked the same question. Pragmatism looks for the possible tax of a belief. If I look at the other subjects we have studied pragmatically, I can determine which ideas have the most value to me.Apart from the epistemological philosophies, another area we have also covered is metaphysics. Within metaphysics we have covered dualism and two forms of monism, materialism and idealism. Each of these beliefs deal with what reality actually is. Idealism claims there is one type of reality and that it is mental or eldritch in nature (Lawhead, p. 97). If, as Berkeley claims, matter is a useless concept (Lawhead, p. 206), it would be useless for us to sieve manipulating the world around us. Since we do try to falsify our world, Berkeleys idealism does not work with how we live. It is not practical. The other form of monism, materialism, more specifically physicalism, may hold more practical value than idealism. In materialism, reality is entirely physical (Lawhead, p. 205). Physicalism is a materialist view that the mind can be completely explained by the physical makeup of the head word (Lawhead, p. 214). This has practical value because it leads to the ability to study the mind, and allows the mind to interact with the rest of the world. This form of monism seems to be the more practical of the two, but monism is not the only air to look at reality.Pragmatism as a Philosophy Skepticism, Rationalism, Metaphysics I have often heard people use the word pragmatic to describe actions, laws or feelings, but I never really looked at pragmatism as a philosophy before. As we studied this semester I found myself asking one question about each philosophy we covered. We discussed skepticism and the claim that we have no knowledge (Lawhead, W., The Philosophical Journey, 2009, p. 55). We compared rationalism and empiricism which posit that we do have knowledge, but disagree on whether that knowledge comes from intellect or experience (Lawhead, p. 55). Along with that we covered Kants attempt bridge the gap b etween rationalism and empiricism, known as constructivism (Lawhead, p. 120). We moved on to the different varieties of relativism, and I still found myself asking the same thing. So what? In other words, does any of this really matter? Then we got to pragmatism, and I found that it asked the same question. Pragmatism looks for the practical value of a belief. If I look at the other subjects we have studied pragmatically, I can determine which ideas have the most value to me.Apart from the epistemological philosophies, another area we have also covered is metaphysics. Within metaphysics we have covered dualism and two forms of monism, materialism and idealism. Each of these beliefs deal with what reality actually is. Idealism claims there is one type of reality and that it is mental or spiritual in nature (Lawhead, p. 97). If, as Berkeley claims, matter is a useless concept (Lawhead, p. 206), it would be useless for us to try manipulating the world around us. Since we do try to mani pulate our world, Berkeleys idealism does not work with how we live. It is not practical. The other form of monism, materialism, more specifically physicalism, may hold more practical value than idealism. In materialism, reality is entirely physical (Lawhead, p. 205). Physicalism is a materialist view that the mind can be completely explained by the physical makeup of the brain (Lawhead, p. 214). This has practical value because it leads to the ability to study the mind, and allows the mind to interact with the rest of the world. This form of monism seems to be the more practical of the two, but monism is not the only way to look at reality.

Negative Effects Experienced By Our Children :: essays research papers

Cause and EffectNegative Effects Experienced By Our ChildrenWhat have I done? What will my children have to await today because of the mistakes I made yesterday? but causing the negative effects of the parents offenses to be experienced by their children and grandchildren Exodus 347 (Complete Jewish Bible) And do you, MaLinda, take this man to be your lawful I dont think I love this man, but what do I do? Im four months pregnant. What would people think of me if I didnt get married? And all these people-how would they feel-making them come here and then I asseverate no? What do I do?To have and to hold, so long as you both shall live? Sigh-I do. Oh God, I hope I didnt just make a mistake.Sometimes I wonder how different things would be had I not made that second mistake. The first, well that was having sex right(prenominal) of marriage. I knew it was wrong, but who knew HOW wrong? I didnt just affect me-it affected my family, his family and the lives of my two children. Sometimes I think they got hurt the worst. Eight days of marriage. How long did they suffer? How long before I realized what was going on?My daughter was two years old when I decided that possibly another baby would help. So we had our second child, a boy. It didnt help. There wasnt a lot of arguing. There was no communication, just existence.It was April 1998 when I authoritative the call. One of my former daycare children had made a complaint. There had been suspicion, but not evidence. They called me in-asked me questions. They asked my children questions. I dont know if we helped.It was June 1999 when he was found blameful of lewd acts with a minor-2 counts. Its been 6 years since Ive removed my children from that house. I still see the negative effects of the mistakes I made. My daughter suffered from emotional stress. For example, for a while we had problems with her seeing imaginary friends. She would watch her two dragons fly around the room or outside of the vehicle. It got to the point where she could even shrink them to scene into her pocket. This way she could take them to class with her. It became even more serious when she tried to get her brother and two cousins involved in playing with her imaginary dragons.

Free Essay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia - Playing God :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Playing deity A Role That Shouldnt Be err   All humans will die. Approximately 2,155,000 people from the United States will die in one year. In the United States, during the year of 1989, 34% of solely deaths were caused by heart disease, 23% caused by cancer, 6% by strokes, and 2.2% by accidents involving motor vehicles. In that same year, 5.5% of the deaths were caused by medical negligence and suicide (Leading causes). This does not take into consideration the number of people who were eraseed by back up suicide and euthanasia. Passive euthanasia is described as the intentional discontinuation, by the patients physician, of vital interposition that could prolong the persons life. Assisted suicide occurs when a health care worker provides a patient with tools and/or medication that will help the patient kill him or herself, without the direct intervention of the care provider. Active euthanasia takes place when the doctor is responsible for the killing of the patient for example, when the doctor administers a lethal snapshot (Schofield, 25). Active euthanasia is illegal in the United States. Only three states have legalized assisted suicide and only Oregon permits physician-assisted suicide. Thirty-five states, including Colorado, have statutes criminalizing assisted suicide and nine states criminalize assisted suicide through common law (Assisted suicide laws). In addition to active and passive euthanasia at that place are three other categories of euthanasia voluntary, nonvoluntary, and involuntary. Voluntary, there is written or spoken consent from the patient nonvoluntary, the patient can not voice his or her opinion because of unconsciousness or comatose and involuntary, which goes against the wishes of the patient, and constitutes murder (Schofield, 26). Assisted suicide and euthanasia, in any form, are murder.   People are stewards, not owners, of the life God has entrusted to them (Vaticana, 550). To decide if euthanasia is wrong, one must first decide whom life belongs to. The Bible says, In Gods hand is the life of every living thing and the wind of all mankind (Job 1210). Life belongs to God and since God gave life to the human race, God should decide when it is time to take life. Also, the fifth commandment says, special K shall not kill. Assisted suicide and euthanasia disobey this commandment.   Supporters of euthanasia argue that the First Amendment forbids the establishment of religion and therefore one cant say life belongs to God. However, in the case of Bowers versus Hardwick in 1986, the Supreme Court ruled that citizens in a democracy may vote away individual rights, even if that vote is base ultimately on nothing but religious faith (Bowden).

Essay --

Customs and traditions differ from one part of Nepal to another. A conglomeration lies in capital city Kathmandu where cultures are blending to form a national identity. Kathmandu Valley has served as the countrys cultural metropolis since the unification of Nepal in the 18th Century.A swelled factor in a Nepalis everyday life is religion. Adding color to the lives of Nepalis are festivals the year round which they celebrate with much pomp and joy. forage plays an important role in the celebration of these festivals.ReligionNepal was declared a secular country by the Parliament on May 18, 2006. Religions practiced in Nepal are Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, Bon, ancestor worship and animism. The majority of Nepalis are either Hindus or Buddhism. The two have co-existed in harmony through centuries.Buddha is widely worshipped by both Buddhists and Hindus of Nepal. The five Dhyani Buddhas Vairochana, Akshobhaya, Rathasambhava, Amitabha and Amoghasiddhi, r epresent the five basic elements earth, fire, water, air and ether. Buddhist philosophy conceive...

Free Essays - Gene and Finny of A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

A Separate Peace constituent and Finny In A Separate Peace, the main characters ar foils of one a nonher. The plot is pushed along by the changing dynamics of their friendship. Their relationship begins to drift apart when their personalities clash. The changing dynamics of Gene and Finnys relationship and the revelations in Genes temper are what move the plot along. At first, Gene fights against his memories. The story is opened with Gene returning to his old school, Devon. A struggle, or some sort of conflict, is micturate by the way he practic each(prenominal)y forces himself to return to the staircase and the tree. He comments on how things have changed, which reflects how he himself has changed. The staircase is hard now, he notices, showing that he feels detached from the object. Meanwhile, the tree is now shrunken and identical to the other trees, which could mean that Gene has moved on from whatever significance the tree once held. The rain that starts f alling later is a universal symbol of sadness, foreshadowing a tragic event later on in the story that involves him and the school. After seeing the tree and staircase and noting that they no longer seem as intimidating, a weight seems to be lifted off of Genes conscious and he returns to shelter. At first, Gene seems to be awed by Finny. Although his friend is more athletic than him, Gene is proud of the other boys accomplishments. In fact, he is proud to be so block to a well-loved student. He considers himself lucky to be considered Finnys best friend. It becomes evident that jealously engrains itself into the friendship, however. Gene soon views not himself to be the lucky one, but Finny. He views all of Finnys good fortune to be his own bad luck. Whenever Finny gets out of trouble by being blatantly obvious, he thinks of it as himself being inadequate and not as good as his friend. This is shown at the luncheon both boys are invited to when Finny explains his ina ppropriate belt. Although Gene and Finny are very different, they are also united in several ways. Both boys like to be in charge and are comfortable in leadership positions.

Free Essays - Gene and Finny of A Separate Peace :: Separate Peace Essays

A Separate Peace Gene and Finny In A Separate Peace, the main characters atomic number 18 foils of iodin another. The plot is pushed along by the changing dynamics of their friendship. Their relationship begins to drift apart when their personalities clash. The changing dynamics of Gene and Finnys relationship and the revelations in Genes personality are what move the plot along. At first, Gene fights against his memories. The story is opened with Gene returning to his old school, Devon. A struggle, or some sort of conflict, is clear by the way he practically forces himself to return to the staircase and the guide. He comments on how things have changed, which reflects how he himself has changed. The staircase is hard now, he notices, showing that he feels uncaring from the object. Meanwhile, the tree is now shrunken and identical to the other trees, which could mean that Gene has moved on from whatever significance the tree once held. The rain that starts droppi ng later is a universal symbol of sadness, foreshadowing a tragic event later on in the story that involves him and the school. After seeing the tree and staircase and noting that they no longer seem as intimidating, a weight seems to be lifted off of Genes conscious and he returns to shelter. At first, Gene seems to be awed by Finny. Although his friend is more athletic than him, Gene is proud of the other boys accomplishments. In fact, he is proud to be so close to a well-loved student. He considers himself lucky to be considered Finnys best friend. It becomes evident that jealously engrains itself into the friendship, however. Gene soon views not himself to be the lucky one, but Finny. He views all of Finnys penny-pinching fortune to be his own bad luck. Whenever Finny gets out of trouble by being blatantly obvious, he thinks of it as himself being inadequate and not as good as his friend. This is shown at the luncheon both boys are invited to when Finny explains hi s inappropriate belt. Although Gene and Finny are very different, they are also united in some(prenominal) ways. Both boys like to be in charge and are comfortable in leadership positions.

Bullfighting in the Sun Also Rises

Jonathan Rowe Essay 1 The Sun Also Rises English 42 Doctor Speirs 3/28/2010 No Bull in Bullfighting In The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway writes nobody ever lives their life wholly the way up except son of a bitch-fighters (100). Spoken by Jake, this line exemplifies the enormousness that tauromachy plays in the novel. Its not simply portrayed as a sport, but rather as a complex, mathematical art in the frame of a dance between the bull and fighter. The matador scene in chapter 18 is perhaps one of the richest in the novel due to its use of symbols.The choreography between Romero and the bull is wistful not only of the characterization of Brett and Jake, but of the relationship between Brett, her masculinity, and her effect on the other male characters. It also provides penetrating cortical potential to the role that Robert Cohn plays as a foil, and how he contrasts with the other characters. The most prominent correlation that the bullfighting scene carries in terms of sym bolism is a parallel of latitude to Bretts versedity. On a closer inspection, the fight also resembles an improvised dance between two partners.Each dancer has a designated terrain, and as long as a bullfighter stays in his own terrain he is comparatively safe (213). And a dance between two partners can be compared to the tumultuous events that dear can bring, for example the relationship between Brett and Jake. Its interesting to note that early in the novel, Brett responds to Jakes inquiry of living together by saying that shed just tromper him (55), a French word meaning to abuse and cheat. The diction almost resembles an animalistic quality, as well as the word trample, foreshado growg the symbolism behind the bullfighting scene.Just like Romero is luring and enticing the bull with his cape, Brett lures men with her charisma and charm, and refuses to bring any meaningful relationship to fruition. The diction of the scene involving Romero and the bull also carries some sexual o vertones. Romero had to make the bull consent with his body, (217) creating an image where the man and the bull were all one sharply etched mass (217). In terms of symbolism, Romero is reflective of Brett, and the bull represents the men that Brett seduces. His method is to be all so slow and so controlled (217) at first, to lure the bull into proximity.Similarly, Brett lures men in with her brazen sexuality. The end case is the same however, with the bull and the men shes involved with. Romero will fight and kill the bull, just like Brett will lure men and eventually leave them. Its all for sport, all for pleasure (208). Bretts attraction to Romero can be explained in terms of his masculinity. Romero is somewhat of a perfect male, hes an aficionado, brave, beautiful, and held in very high esteem by everyone he encounters as well as being the favorite fighter of the crowd. He resembles Bretts masculinity.Shes given a unnisex name, has short hair, and even refers to everyone as chap s. She seems to mingle only with other men, possibly because shes shunned by other females for her promiscuity. While Romero and the bull most closely represent Brett and Jake, upon closer inspection another similarity can be drawn between Belmonte and Robert Cohn. Belmonte is a symbol for Cohn and his relationship with the other characters. Just like how Belmonte serves as a foil to the decadent style of Mercial and valor of Romero, Cohn is a foil to the other characters around him.While Romero would tease the audience with his graceful style and fighting close to the bull, Belmonte, now resuming bullfighting out of retirement, simply gave the sensation of access tragedy and only gave the illusion of being close to the bull. He was once a great fighter, but now refuses to subscribe to the new decadent (215) bullfighting style. His fighting style represents Cohn in the sense that they both had their shining momentCohns brief relationship with Brett, and Belmontes glory days of bul lfighting which theyre still trying to win back.Belmonte stands apart from the other fighters because he adheres to an traditional form of fighting. Similarly, Cohn is the only character with no involvement in the war, he preserves a sort of honour and value system that disappeared with the lost generation. He tries to preserve the idea that sex equals intimacy and love, and throughout the novel his clumsy attempts to win back Brett are reflective of his refusal to understand that his brief relationship with Brett was simply a series of sexual encounters, nothing more.In conclusion, part of what makes Hemingways style so unique is that he simply shows, without more telling. The matador scene in chapter 18 is rich because it provides penetrating insight with its symbolism Lady Brett with her elusive nature with men is captured through Romeros matador technique. The fact that Romero penetrates the bull with his brand accentuates the inherent masculinity that Brett displaysa sort o f role reversal. Chapter 18 also highlights the character of Cohn, and his role as a foil and its parallels to Belmontes traditional fighting style.

Psychological Factors of the Issue Essay

Psychological factors include motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. These factors are largely unconscious and that a somebody cannot fully understand his own motivations. People decide based on what h perceives as dictated by his environment that serves as the stimulus and not necessarily that which is real. In marketing, perceptions are more important than reality. Characteristics of Adolescence Adolescence is often a period of stress and conflict, particularly in Western society. The adolescent confronts a boniface of new, varied and difficult problems of adjustment within a brief period of time.The adolescent attempts to acquire a sense of identity, a sense of who angiotensin-converting enzyme(a) is and where one is going. ever soy adolescent wants to be popular. They commonly think, What can I do to have all the kids at school manage me? What can I do to feel I belong to a group? How can I be popular with both girls and boys? What kinds of clothes will make me feel like I am one of them? Sometimes adolescents go to great lengths to be popular. In some cases, parents go to even greater lengths to try to insulate their adolescents from the rejection and to attach the likelihood that they will be popular.Students show off because it gets attention and makes their peers laugh. Parents set up elaborate parties, buy clothes for their teens and drive adolescents and their friends all over in the hope that their sons and daughters will be popular (Santrock, John). Dr. Riesman in his study of the basic changes taking place in the American characters during the twentieth century (that is, from inner-directed to outer-directed) found that our ontogenesis pre-occupation with acts of consumption reflects the change.This pre-occupation, he noted, was particularly intense (and intensively encouraged by product makers). He characterized the children of America as consumer trainees. (Santrock, John). The adolescent confronts a host of new, va ried and difficult problems of adjustment within a brief period of time. Physiological changes rapid body growth, sexual maturity, increases in sex hormonesoften precipitate special(a) conflicts and self-doubts.Almost simultaneously, the adolescent is expected to achieve independence from the family, establish satisfying relations rosehips with peers of both sexes, decide on and prepare for a set of consistent virtuous principles to guide decisions and actions. Fashion, therefore, lures the adolescents to try something new and not get stuck with the traditional ways of dressing and doing things. Back then in the 60s, the clothes that the old school hip hop artists donned were expressions of individuality but they even carried a purpose which was a functional one.The Puma branded sneakers that sported fat-laces and sweatsuits were all the rave back then. The colorful uniform which also had resemblance to the beautiful graffitis on the walls were also very popular back then. The dress-code of being loose and comfortable became a style of dressing which identify all those people as exceptional and unpretentious. Because the people in the ghettos had limited resources, they made the most out of what they had. The style and the fashion sense that they sported spoke of a willingness to create a style of their own despite several constraints (Wikipedia 2004).In the hip-hop culture today, fashion has undoubtedly become more stylish, more say and more accessible in this day and age. It has indeed come a long way in the past twenty or so years. Ever since its inception, it has been proven to be a driving force in the fashion scene. From its modest beginnings in the ghettos of the African-American suburbs of New York, the hip hop fashion has transcended race, culture, sexual activity as well as international borders as you will now see different ethnicities and races who have adopted their own hip hop style.The one thing that will immediately identify a person if he listens to hip hop or not is by the way they dress and what they order on themselves. Today, the hip hop clothing and apparel industry grosses over a billion dollars but despite its popularity among people who have the money to draw for the type of look they are sporting, it is still accessible by even the youngest boy in hopes of making it big in the future as an counselling of the hip hop music and fashion (Wikipedia 2004)

The Yellow Wallpaper

In the yarn the Yellow W tot on the wholey Paper, the fabricator is fashioning a statement which is saying that if you are locked up in a augury or prison you are non organism anyowed to be practice to your full potential with society. She is using the storytellers point of hatful to display how kind issues start to authorize when you are confined to one erupt and have no actual view of the fall outside world. That statement also includes the effects of your mind when you can only(prenominal) imagine to yourself and imagine. The master(prenominal) features mind starts to go insane when thinking too untold into issues.Throughout the story the main character tints into e real little level of the path and analyzes it. This is the effect of having too much clipping on her hands and not having anything better to do. The story is virtually a woman whos keep up send her away to this ho riding habit to commence mentally better and starts to picture this wallpape r. She has genuinely strict rules such as not being able to read or compose so she starts sounding at this wallpaper. While shes looking at this wallpaper she starts to interpret it in many different ways throughout the story.Shes irked by the bright yellow outline that is has, which then turns into her perceive heads being hanged. As the story goes on her views of the style get plain worse and it doesnt help that her save rear end is treating her like a little girl. Her maintain has a wrong view of what is andton on in her head. She gets annoyed by the fact that she cant plain talk to him slightly the blot shes in. The story goes on to her doing many irrational behaviors in the inhabit and her anxiety gets worse and worse while getting federal official up with anything little thing she notices in the populate and about the wallpaper.She is also also a Mother that isnt aloud to be near her queer which adds to her anxiety. Charlotte Perkins Gilman delivers a first person point of view with the narrator about how she is flavour So I take phosphate or phosphites- whichever it is , and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely veto to work until I am well again. Personally, I discord with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me undecomposed(p490). She is able to capture how the narrator is really feeling.The narrator is a lady of the house that doesnt have a real job. She indigences more out of life she really wants to be able to read and write so that she can put her thoughts to good use and vent. When her save took her books away from her, she started to read the wallpaper because she likes to read and analyze and is very good at it by the way she describes the room and the wallpaper. She also didnt put up a fight when she was sent away. She develops a mental illness by being a housewife and not being able to go out. When she is put in this psychiatry room, sh e starts to get worse.She thinks shes getting better later on in the story because her husband tells her that she can have her life back if she gets better. The narrator is stir with the room shes in simply tries to make the best of it. She really enjoys and desires human interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows the narrators loneliness When I get really well, John says we will ask full cousin Henry and Julia down for a long hollo but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillowcase as to let me have those stimulating commonwealth about now(p. 491). This really shows how shes looking forward to seeing her family to be able to talk about her work.John is her husband whos making all the decisions and holding her back like a child. He doesnt show her much attention because he is always with other patients and often comes to visit her at night. At one point in the story he carried her from one room to another like a baby. That doesnt do her any good because she knows that shes a grown up person and is capable of doing more. By him treating her like a baby makes her feel like a baby, and then continues to more mental issues. John shouldve treated her like an adult so that she would act more like an adult.Charlotte make him into a controlling character He is very particular(prenominal) and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction(p490). This shows how hes controlling the way she does things yet still loves her. She fills more freedom which he doesnt want to give her. He thinks that by putting her in that room she will learn a lesson like a little child and teach herself how to get better. What she really inescapably is to be able to go out and enjoy what society has to offer her. The room shes in shows what its like to be deprived by society the room is like her own little society.Shes trying to make the best of it by looking into all(prenominal) little detail of it from the bed to the wallpaper. She wasnt allowed to go out of he r house or do anything because John cute her to be a housewife which is wherefore she started having all of these mental issues. She had to fulfill the duties that John wanted her to do which got thudding to a certain point. She is a peoples person. Every time that the nurses would come in she always talked to them as if she really knew them. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the narrators thoughts I dont like our room a bit.I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all everyplace the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings (p490). She really doesnt like anything about the room shes in. When she looks out her window she sees a lovely country like village full of people which she wishes she could go out and have fun in that location. Being trap in a house is the worst thing that is happening to her. She tries to make the best of the situation shes in by thinking into every little thing that annoys her. The room is a sign of a door that is c losed to society. The wallpaper is the main symbol in this story.The narrator starts to see heads that have been hanged which is obvious signs that she is scratch to become delusional or insane. The color starts to change from yellow to brown after geezerhood of just staring at it. She then starts to see debar on the wallpaper which is representing herself. She feels like shes in a jail cell locked up and is not allowed to have fun or do anything except what John wants her to do. Throughout the story she feels as that its better for her to be in this room of misery with her baby, so that the baby doesnt have to stare at it all day.She doesnt want her baby living in a room full of worlds which almost signifies the day ideate that goes on in there. After awhile she starts to look at the positive side of being locked up in that room. The wallpaper whether it was yellow or not, was the main controlling mechanism of the characters mood for story. Her mood no subject day or night was based on the wallpaper she was looking at. The narrator actually asked John during the beginning of her stay to take down the wallpaper since it was causing more nervous trouble, but he didnt.He thought that she was permit it get to her and wanted her to deal with it which is funny because she ended up report an entire short story about it. The narrator could also be feeling a sense of yellow on the inside. In our world we look as yellow as happy but maybe not as fully. color in like orange or green are a lot happier. At one point she has a view of a garden which is where she could be picking up some yellow. She redden thought there was a yellow smell. The wallpaper effects her so much she feels as if its getting into her hair.Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a very good depiction to help create a mental picture of what is pass on in the room The color is repellent, almost cruddy a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight(p. 490). She shows great use of vocabulary with words such as repellent and revolting along with imagery which catches her readers eyes. The title is an example of how the narrator can show her intellectual ability and desire of how she feels like shes in prison. The narrators ability to interpret the wallpaper and every little detail in the room is unique even though it is a psychiatry case.Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the narrators point of view to really capture how she feels towards the wallpaper which in her mind is disgusting and not her casing. Almost every split up is about something bad pertaining to the wallpaper. Her intellectual ability is to see and analyze things which may be why she gets along with so many people. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives a great view saying He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all flair of excited fancies, and that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency(p. 91). She clear has a wild imagination that John is trying to clip down. She might be more of a hands on person. Therefore, the wallpaper brings a very different type of analytical approach. Her husband locked her up in this house so she wasnt being put to her full potential. Instead she started looking at the piffling things in her house while John just wanted her to sit at home and it turned into a mental illness. Towards the end of the story the narrator really started to go crazy walking around the room. She couldnt stem the fact that her bed was nailed to the floor.She ripped off all the wallpaper when nobody was around. She threw the key out of the room so that nobody can come in or out until John arrives. She even found a rope incase Jennie got in she was going to tie her which is a little crazy. The narrator realizes that if she jumps out the window that people will think shes crazy more than she already is. Shes a frustrated psychiatric patient just trying to feel better. Shes bee n in there for about a couple weeks. The wallpaper messes with her head a lot. She cant wait to leave the place shes in.She has everything planned out even taking a sauceboat back to town. Her husband comes back for what she thinks is her last day in the psychiatric room. She rips down all of the wallpaper which showed a lot of courage since her nervousness wasnt letting her do anything til shes satisfied. She then takes the key locks the door and throws it out the window so that when John comes in he looks at her and faints. She does nothing but step over him. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows what is really going on I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder(p500).I think she just about had enough with staying in that room and may have even been feeling better since she worked up the courage to do all that and even walk over her own husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman used a very easy to read type of style which was helpful in figuring out the patch and bui lding a mental image of what was going on. I have found out another funny thing, but I shant tell it this time I mean to try it, little by little. (p498). She has a very broad use of vocabulary but not hard enough to need a dictionary to figure things out. Its interesting that she breaks the story into different parts or chapters.The narrators character changed in each part, mostly because of the other characters or the wallpaper. Her paper style is also modern compared to other stories in this book. This type of writing style is nice. She uses a character with a mental disorientation and captures what is really going through her mind. Her writing flows just like any other short story but even better. She doesnt make it hard to figure the details out. She is very straight forward with the way she words her sentences. Im wondering if the author wrote this short story to show another person, or if the author herself was the main character in the story.This seem like it could be a re alistic story. In this century there are many mentally ill people ranging from anxiety issues to disorders. This could be a true story. The sentences are short and clear but not at all long enough to get lost in them. The story was literally written as the main character was seeing things. It was even broken up from the start of her being in the psychiatric ward include with a two week break from writing for when John kept visiting her in the beginning. Every thought and movement was written down.The Yellow paperIn the story the Yellow Wall Paper, the narrator is making a statement which is saying that if you are locked up in a house or prison you are not being allowed to be put to your full potential with society. She is using the narrators point of view to show how mental issues start to occur when you are confined to one place and have no actual view of the outside world. That statement also includes the effects of your mind when you can only think to yourself and imagine. The ma in characters mind starts to go insane when thinking too much into things.Throughout the story the main character looks into every little detail of the room and analyzes it. This is the effect of having too much time on her hands and not having anything better to do. The story is about a woman whos husband sent her away to this house to get mentally better and starts to see this wallpaper. She has very strict rules such as not being able to read or write so she starts looking at this wallpaper. While shes looking at this wallpaper she starts to interpret it in many different ways throughout the story.Shes irked by the bright yellow outline that is has, which then turns into her seeing heads being hanged. As the story goes on her views of the room get even worse and it doesnt help that her husband John is treating her like a little girl. Her husband has a wrong view of what is going on in her head. She gets annoyed by the fact that she cant even talk to him about the situation shes i n. The story goes on to her doing many irrational behaviors in the room and her anxiety gets worse and worse while getting fed up with everything little thing she notices in the room and about the wallpaper.She is also also a Mother that isnt aloud to be near her baby which adds to her anxiety. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a first person point of view with the narrator about how she is feeling So I take phosphate or phosphites- whichever it is , and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden to work until I am well again. Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good(p490). She is able to capture how the narrator is really feeling.The narrator is a housewife that doesnt have a real job. She wants more out of life she really wants to be able to read and write so that she can put her thoughts to good use and vent. When her husband took her books away from her, she started to read the wallpaper because she likes to read and analyze and is very good at it by the way she describes the room and the wallpaper. She also didnt put up a fight when she was sent away. She develops a mental illness by being a housewife and not being able to go out. When she is put in this psychiatry room, she starts to get worse.She thinks shes getting better later on in the story because her husband tells her that she can have her life back if she gets better. The narrator is disgusted with the room shes in but tries to make the best of it. She really enjoys and desires human interaction. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows the narrators loneliness When I get really well, John says we will ask Cousin Henry and Julia down for a long visit but he says he would as soon put fireworks in my pillowcase as to let me have those stimulating people about now(p. 491). This really shows how shes looking forward to seeing her family to be able to talk about her work.John is her husband whos ma king all the decisions and holding her back like a child. He doesnt show her much attention because he is always with other patients and often comes to visit her at night. At one point in the story he carried her from one room to another like a baby. That doesnt do her any good because she knows that shes a grown up person and is capable of doing more. By him treating her like a baby makes her feel like a baby, and then continues to more mental issues. John shouldve treated her like an adult so that she would act more like an adult.Charlotte made him into a controlling character He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction(p490). This shows how hes controlling the way she does things yet still loves her. She needs more freedom which he doesnt want to give her. He thinks that by putting her in that room she will learn a lesson like a little child and teach herself how to get better. What she really needs is to be able to go out and enjoy what socie ty has to offer her. The room shes in shows what its like to be deprived by society the room is like her own little society.Shes trying to make the best of it by looking into every little detail of it from the bed to the wallpaper. She wasnt allowed to go out of her house or do anything because John wanted her to be a housewife which is why she started having all of these mental issues. She had to fulfill the duties that John wanted her to do which got boring to a certain point. She is a peoples person. Every time that the nurses would come in she always talked to them as if she really knew them. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the narrators thoughts I dont like our room a bit.I wanted one downstairs that opened on the piazza and had roses all over the window, and such pretty old-fashioned chintz hangings (p490). She really doesnt like anything about the room shes in. When she looks out her window she sees a lovely country like village full of people which she wishes she could go out and have fun there. Being trapped in a house is the worst thing that is happening to her. She tries to make the best of the situation shes in by thinking into every little thing that annoys her. The room is a symbol of a door that is closed to society. The wallpaper is the main symbol in this story.The narrator starts to see heads that have been hanged which is obvious signs that she is starting to become delusional or insane. The color starts to change from yellow to brown after days of just staring at it. She then starts to see bars on the wallpaper which is representing herself. She feels like shes in a jail cell locked up and is not allowed to have fun or do anything except what John wants her to do. Throughout the story she feels as that its better for her to be in this room of misery with her baby, so that the baby doesnt have to stare at it all day.She doesnt want her baby living in a room full of worlds which almost signifies the day dreaming that goes on in there. After awhile she starts to look at the positive side of being locked up in that room. The wallpaper whether it was yellow or not, was the main controlling mechanism of the characters mood for story. Her mood no matter day or night was based on the wallpaper she was looking at. The narrator actually asked John during the beginning of her stay to take down the wallpaper since it was causing more nervous trouble, but he didnt.He thought that she was letting it get to her and wanted her to deal with it which is funny because she ended up writing an entire short story about it. The narrator could also be feeling a sense of yellow on the inside. In our world we look as yellow as happy but maybe not as fully. Colors like orange or green are a lot happier. At one point she has a view of a garden which is where she could be picking up some yellow. She even thought there was a yellow smell. The wallpaper effects her so much she feels as if its getting into her hair.Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows a very good depiction to help create a mental picture of what is going on in the room The color is repellent, almost revolting a smoldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight(p. 490). She shows great use of vocabulary with words such as repellent and revolting along with imagery which catches her readers eyes. The title is an example of how the narrator can show her intellectual ability and desire of how she feels like shes in prison. The narrators ability to interpret the wallpaper and every little detail in the room is unique even though it is a psychiatry case.Charlotte Perkins Gilman uses the narrators point of view to really capture how she feels towards the wallpaper which in her mind is disgusting and not her type. Almost every paragraph is about something bad pertaining to the wallpaper. Her intellectual ability is to see and analyze things which may be why she gets along with so many people. Charlotte Perkins Gilman gives a great view saying He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story making, a nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, and that I ought to use my will and good sense to check the tendency(p. 91). She clearly has a wild imagination that John is trying to cut down. She might be more of a hands on person. Therefore, the wallpaper brings a very different type of analytical approach. Her husband locked her up in this house so she wasnt being put to her full potential. Instead she started looking at the small things in her house while John just wanted her to sit at home and it turned into a mental illness. Towards the end of the story the narrator really started to go crazy walking around the room. She couldnt stand the fact that her bed was nailed to the floor.She ripped off all the wallpaper when nobody was around. She threw the key out of the room so that nobody can come in or out until John arrives. She even found a rope incase Jennie got in she was going to tie her which is a little crazy. The narrator realizes that if she jumps out the window that people will think shes crazy more than she already is. Shes a frustrated psychiatric patient just trying to feel better. Shes been in there for about a couple weeks. The wallpaper messes with her head a lot. She cant wait to leave the place shes in.She has everything planned out even taking a boat back to town. Her husband comes back for what she thinks is her last day in the psychiatric room. She rips down all of the wallpaper which showed a lot of courage since her nervousness wasnt letting her do anything til shes satisfied. She then takes the key locks the door and throws it out the window so that when John comes in he looks at her and faints. She does nothing but step over him. Charlotte Perkins Gilman shows what is really going on I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder(p500).I think she just about had enough with staying in that room and may have even been feel ing better since she worked up the courage to do all that and even walk over her own husband. Charlotte Perkins Gilman used a very easy to read type of style which was helpful in figuring out the plot and building a mental image of what was going on. I have found out another funny thing, but I shant tell it this time I mean to try it, little by little. (p498). She has a very broad use of vocabulary but not hard enough to need a dictionary to figure things out. Its interesting that she breaks the story into different parts or chapters.The narrators character changed in each part, mostly because of the other characters or the wallpaper. Her writing style is also modern compared to other stories in this book. This type of writing style is nice. She uses a character with a mental disorientation and captures what is really going through her mind. Her writing flows just like any other short story but even better. She doesnt make it hard to figure the details out. She is very straight for ward with the way she words her sentences. Im wondering if the author wrote this short story to show another person, or if the author herself was the main character in the story.This seem like it could be a realistic story. In this century there are many mentally ill people ranging from anxiety issues to disorders. This could be a true story. The sentences are short and clear but not at all long enough to get lost in them. The story was literally written as the main character was seeing things. It was even broken up from the start of her being in the psychiatric ward included with a two week break from writing for when John kept visiting her in the beginning. Every thought and movement was written down.

Frederick Douglass: Slave Life and His Constitution Views Essay

Throughout reading Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, one does not simply learn and discover the terrene just slave life style, Douglass incorporates his own mental philosophies as to how slavery and society is ran during that time by telling it from his own first person prospective, and he in like manner uncovers the evils that slavery hides. Slaves during the antebellum of the Civil War had faced not only many physical threats by their slaveholder or master, but mental dangers as well.Douglasss Narrative demonstrates the double purpose of the work as both a personal account and a public argument. Douglass introduces the reader to his own mountain by telling his birthplace and the fact that he does not know his own age. He then generalizes from his own experience, explaining that almost no slaves know their square ages. Next, Douglass takes this detail of his experience and analyzes it. He points out that slave owners purposely keep their slaves ignorant, and that thi s is a tactic whites use to gain power over slaves. This is the structure Douglass uses in his Narrative. He presents his personal experience as a typical slave experience, and then usually makes a point closely the experience and what it tells us about how slavery works and why it is wrong.Douglass intends to use the Narrative to expose the more evil underside of slavery. He writes to educate audiences about what really goes on at slave orchards, including more cruel and destructive behaviors. For example, he devotes his writings to a discussion about white slave owners impregnating their slaves. He does not seek to as well shock his readers. He presents a practice and explains how it touches on both slaves and slave owners. Despite the unfair treatment given to the female slaves, Douglass incorporates his own experiences with the slaveholders destructiveness through the memory board of his meeting with Edward Covey. From the time upon his arrival, Covey beats him senseless for his so called awkwardness. Douglass doesnt dwell on these instances throughout the course of his story. Douglass often returns to this theme, to depict the supposition of slavery as repulsive and dirty to not only slaves, but the slaveholders as well.Douglass makes use of the stories of different slaves to make an argument about the inhumanity of slavery. later Douglass recounts Mr. Gores murder of Demby, he includes several similar stories, such as Mrs. Hick killing her female servant and Beal Bondly killing one of Colonel Lloyds elderly slaves. These additional scenes serve to support Douglasss claims about slavery. Douglass is attempting to convince whites that the events he witnessed such as a white man killing a black man and suffering no legal consequences are the normal practice. Also incorporating the story of his aunt, and him witnessing the horrific beatings that had been laid upon her. He says, I was so panic-stricken and horror-stricken at the sight, that I hid myself in a close, and dared not to venture out till long after the bloody transaction was over.(page.11). This shows yet another(prenominal) example of how slavery can not only be dehumanizing to the slave holders, but also affects the slaves mental state of mind as well.After escaping the plantation and moving on in his life, Frederick Douglass had begun his career as an abolitionist in 1851. Upon starting his career, he had faced his views towards the Constitution. His initial interpretation crossed that of another abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison. twain the individuals had agreed on many concepts. Both men started off by agreeing with the vision that the U.S Constitution was a pro-slavery document.When looking into the basis of the Constitution, the preamble states the basic rights of the everyday common citizen- Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Douglass and Garrison however looked upon it in a different style. They had seen this document as a covenant denounce and an agreement with hell which the twain individuals had said it compromised with the tyranny of the slaveholder. One can interpret this to meaning that the Constitution protected the slave holders.Douglass makes the comparison in which that the slaveholders used the Constitution as restraint for their beliefs. The two individuals find Supreme Court cases to back up their cause. The case in which is known as the Dred Scott decision proclaimed that the right of slave owners to got concur their possession of their slaves, even if they were illegal. This yet again, was one of the key reasons as to why many abolitionists such as Douglass and Garrison were to believe that the U.S Constitution was nothing other than a Pro-Slavery document.Douglass had broken off to develop his own separate views over time. To Douglasss usage, he had conjured a number of speeches which he had advocated the views of slavery to the white tribe by using his own personal experiences to create his strong messag e. In one of his well-known speeches, What, To The Slave, Is The Fourth Of July he confides in his audience how the Constitution is thus a glorious document. But the key question that is asked in the course of the speech is simply, how do the slaves benefit from the document? The simple answer to that question was they didnt.

Is Curleys wife a tragic figure? Essay

Through extinct the book Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck portrays the character of Curleys married woman as unfortunate and a bit of an outcast. Well you keep away from her, cause shes a rattrap if ever I seen one. But to what extent can she be regarded as a tragic character?The first time we hear about Curleys wife, she is described as a tart by some other(a) farm worker. This is because she is lonely so she hangs around the other farm workers wearing red mules with red ostrich feathers and red finger nails. Steinbeck uses the colour red to testify she is dressing like a tart because the colour red at the time was associated with prostitutes. I personalt never seen nobody like her. The feast hands, however, want nothing to do with her, so they ignore her, and so she becomes an outcast.Curleys wife can sure move quiet. I guess shes had a lot of practice, though. The rea word of honor they do not want to be seen with her is because she is married to Curley, a pugnacious little man, w ho is very possessive. Have you seen a misfire around here? he demanded angrily. The fact that Steinbeck never gave Curleys wife a name other than Curleys wife is to show that she belongs to Curley. It shows her as his possession rather than a separate person. To get attention, she dresses up and hangs around the workers when Curley is not there. However, none of the farm workers want to fight with Curley, because he is the boss son and could get them fired. She looked from one face to another, and they were all closed against her.Curleys wife seems unhappy in her marriage. I fatiguet like Curley. He aint a nice fella. He treats her badly, and even though he is married, he still goes to a cathouse, and she knows this Think I dont know where they al went? Even Curley She also admits she is happy that Curley got bust up, because she resents Curley for the loneliness and for being stick in that house alla time. Curleys wife has no children to keep her occupied or keep her company, an d she has nothing to do with her time. Steinbeck uses language to show how frustrated she is at being unloved and unwanted. Whas the matter with me?. Even when she is dead she is unloved by Curley, who is more angry that someone broke HIS possession than the fact that his wife is dead. Ill kill the vauntingly son-of-a-bitchCurleys wife spends most of her time scheming ways to get attention and company from the other men. There are no other women on the ranch, and this is because mens lifestyles at the time meant they were always travelling and never settled down and got married. This is why none of the other ranch workers have wives for her to palaver to, and therefore no one else on the ranch understands her, or her situation. Ranch with a bunch of guys on it aint no mastermind for a girl, specially like herThroughout the book, the reader does learn a little about Curleys wifes past, and about how a guy who was in the pitchers said he was gonna put her in the movies once he was back in Hollywood, and how she never received the letter. Curleys wife says that she thought her ol lady take it, and this shows the reader how nave and easily led she is, and also the reason she was so desperate to leave home, and why she married Curley.Even though Curleys wife is so lonely and craving attention, she is still rude and has a short temper, and throughout most of the book is not liked by the reader. you keep your place then nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easily it aint even funny. She demanded, You listenin to me?. When she is left wing alone with the weak ones she treats them badly, as if she is taking out her frustration on them. Standin here talking to a bunch of bindle stiffs a nigger, an a dum-dum an a funky ol sheep, an liking it cause there aint nobody else She is jealous that even though she counts them as the weak ones, some of them can talk to the other men, and are not all forced into the same solitary confinement that she is in. Steinb eck shows just how tragic this character is, by the fact that she has to take her anger out on people she herself counts as weak, and that is how bitter her lifestyle has made her.Finally once she has died, Steinbeck uses language to show just how tragic she is, even in death. All the meanness and the planning and discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face. This extract gives us clues as to what Curleys wife what cogitateing time she was alive, and how much of her life these things took up. It explains her behaviour and finally makes the reader feel sorry for her, because in the rest of the book this is difficult, despite her tragically horrible situation.I think that Curleys wife is an incredibly tragic character. The fact that she was so desperate to escape from home that she married Curley, and she was so nave and had no one to assort her and advise her that it was such a bad idea. Also she had no purpose in life, no one to talk to, or to love and treat her well, that she sullen so sour and bitter that she ruined the few moment s of company that she could snatch at. Even the fact she is not loved and wanted by the reader and is seen as trouble. The only time her worries and problems are over is in death These are all reasons to show to the high extent that Curleys wife was shown to be a tragic character.

The Importance of cost information within companies

This brief study high gearlights the tuition about the Collection of embody Data and Reduction of Business Costs and Planning and Controlling Costs. Reports start with the interdiction portion in which it discusses the importance of the represent information to the company.Second it explains pecuniary value categorisations, demands for such categorization. In add-on to that method of ciphering insistent values. In which it discusses the computation of stringent, add up and manner. Further methods of cal computation of scattering argon besides included under the undertaking one.Third accent will be given to the indexs of the productiveness, effectivity and effective of the company. Then it explains the br apiecement in quality of the swops and its indexs. infra the undertaking two accents will be given to the budgeting procedure, readying budgets such as gross revenues, performance, secular use, material purchase budgets and hard currency budgets. Finally it discusses the discrepancy analysis performed for the given informations in annexure and item analysis of send labour, lineal stuff, variable run expense and fixed over nous atomic number 18 included in latter portion of the study.IntroductionCost Accounting is portion and partial of heed Accounting, Hence it s better to understand the signifi arousece of the direction accounting. The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants ( ACCA ) defined direction Accounting as the Application of accounting and statistical techniques to the limited intent of bring forthing and construing information designed to help the direction in its maps of advancing maximal efficiency and envisaging, explicating and organizing future programs and later in mensurating their executing . Since Management accounting is concerned with information for direction intent. It is internal information for the organisation itself and is really seldom make in public, unlike fiscal accounting information.Although the fo llow accounting and direction accounting are oftener used together they do non give the same significance. Cost accounting is concerned with apostrophize collection for stock list rating for the readying of fiscal statements used in external coverage. On the other manus it is concerned with finding be for merchandises, activities and entities to assoil managerial maps of planning, commanding and determination devising. Hence Cost and direction accounting system should bring forth information to run into the undermentioned demand of the entity. allocate cost between cost of goods sold and stock lists for internal and external net income coverageProvide relevant information to assist directors to do better determinations. This involves both routing and non incessantlyyday coverage. Routing information is required for a measuring the profitableness assorted sections of concern, doing merchandise mix and discontinuance determinations. Non everyday information is required for strat egical determinations.Provide information for planning, control and public presentation direction. Planing involves interpreting ends and aims in to specific activities that are required to accomplish those ends and aims. Control is the procedure of guaranting that the subsisting results indorse with the planned results. Performance is so peakd and compared with marks on a terminationic footing.The term budget appears to hold been derived from the Gallic word baguette which nub small bag or a container of paperss and histories. A budget is a formal operating program of action expressed in fiscal footings for a given future stay of clip. Simply, it is a elaborate program sketching, the acquisition and usage of fiscal and other resources over a specified clip period.Undertaking 01Cost categorizationCost is pecuniary blackguard of the resources sacrificed to accomplish a specific aim such as evasiveness or geting a merchandise. In other word cost is the chalk up of existent or nominal outgo incurred on or attributable to a specific merchandise or section or procedure or action at law.Cost information is required to accomplish different sort of aims such as stock list rating, determination devising or control. Cost information can non be used in similar manner for all aims. Therefore cost is used in different manner. For this intent cost is separate in different ways.Cost categorization for stock list rating and net income measuring intent.Direct cost and Indirect costManufacturing cost and non fabrication costMerchandise cost and period costOccupation costs and procedure costCost categorization for determination devising intent.Fixed, variable, articulated lorry fixed, articulated lorry variable costRelevant and irrelevant costSunk costOpport building blocky costFringy costCost Classification for control controllable costUncontrollable costNeed for Cost ClassificationCost categorization for stock list rating and net income measuring intentDirect cos t and indirect costDirect cost Are those costs can be specifically and entirely identified with the specific cost aim in an effectual mode.Direct cost can be farther divided up in to three parts by sing the elements of cost.Direct stuff The cost of stuffs which go bad a portion of the finished merchandise.Direct labour The payments made to employees who are true(a) affecting in the fabrication procedure.Direct Expense The disbursals other than direct stuff or direct labour which are straight attributable to a specific cost aim.Indirect Cost- Are those cost that can non be specifically or entirely identified with a cost aim in an effectual mode. These are normally referred to as overhead cost. These are three types.Indirect stuff cost- Cost of those stuff which are non become portion of the finished merchandise is termed as indirect stuff cost.Indirect labour cost- Payments made to employees who are non straight affecting in the fabrication monetary values.Indirect Expenses T hose cost other than direct cost indirect stuff seashore and indirect labour cost.Fabrication and non fabrication costThe cost incurred for fabricating a merchandise is termed as fabrication cost. This contains of direct stuff cost, direct labor cost, direct disbursal and fabrication operating expenses cost.Non Manufacturing costThe cost incurred for the activates other than fabrication of a merchandise is called not fabrication cost. Normally fabricating cost is included to value the stock list but non fabrication costs are charged to gain and personnel casualty history.Merchandise cost and period costMerchandise cost is these cost that are identified with goods purchased or produced for resale. In other words those costs which are attached to the merchandise that are included in the stock list rating for finished goods, or work in advancement are termed as merchandise cost.Time period cost is those costs which are attached to a specific period and therefore they are non included in the stock list rating. These costs are treated as disbursals for the period in which they are incurred and charged to income statement. Hence these cost rare non attached to a merchandise.Job cost and Procedure costJob bing system is use where broad scope of occupations or orders received and every occupation is non equal. Therefore cost of each occupation is calculated individually. Hence occupation cist is those cost which are attached to a specific occupation.Procedure bing system is applicable where galore(postnominal) building blocks of the same merchandises are manufactured. Cost of a unit is to be measured by spliting the Cost of production for the period by common fig of units produced. Hence procedure cost is those which are attached to a fabrication procedure.Cost categorization for determinations doingFixed, variable, semi fixed, semi variable costThis categorization is do based on the behaviour of cost. Harmonizing to behaviour cost are classified in to four part s.Under this categorization costs are classified by sing their behaviour with regard to theVariable CostVariable cost is those costs that vary in direct proportion to the point of activity ( Production Volume )Fixed CostssThose costs that remains changeless over broad scopes of activity. These costs are non fix within short tally with the alterations in production mass. Since the entire fixed costs remain unchanged that cost spread over the big figure of units when the production volume is appendd and so fixed cost per unit is decreased.Semi Fixed costSemi fixed cost are those costs that jump in to different fixed cost degrees at critical points of activity within short tally.Semi Variable costThose cost that consist of both variable and fixed constituent.Relevant and irrelevant costRelevant cost is those costs that differ among alternate classs of actions. Therefore when determination is made those costs are relevant for the division. Cost can be changed by determinations.Irrel evant costs are those cost that do non differ among alternate classs of action. That cost will non be changed by a determination and cost can non be saved non taking a given class of action. These are common to all classs of action.Sunk CostSunk cost is those cost that impart already been incurred for the acquired assets. These costs do non differ among alternate classs of action. They have been created by a division made in the yesteryear and that can non be changed by a determination that will non be made in the hereafter. Therefore these costs are irrelevant for the determination.Opportunity costExpected benefits of the chance that is lost(p) or sacrificed when pick of one class of action. This cost is relevant for the determination.Fringy costIn economic sense the fringy cost is the extra cost of one excess unit of end product. But in accounting sense fringy cost is nil but variable cost.Cost categorization for ControlFor this intent of commanding cost duty centres are establi shed. Cost centre is an organisational unit headed by a director who is responsible for the cost of that unit. nearly cost points can be managed by the directors of the cost unit and some points can non be managed.Hence governable cost is those cost that are sensibly adapted to ordinance by director and he can act upon on cost. Whereas unmanageable cost are those cost that are non moderately capable to ordinance made by the director with whose duty those cost are being identified. But the director can non act upon on these cost from his action.C. )Consequences of the Calculations as per the appendix 01 to this studies is as follows.D. )Representative ValuessRepresentative values can be calculated by utilizing following methods,Arithmetical meanMedianMannerDispersionThe pose to which numerical informations tend in to distribute about an mean value is called the fluctuation or scattering of the informations. Following are the of import methods of mensurating scattering.ScopeSemi i nert-quartile scopeAverage variantVariance and standard divergenceE. )Arithmetical MeanArithmetical Mean is the common type widely used cadence of cardinal inclination. Arithmetical mean of a series is the figure obtained by spliting the entire value of the assorted points by their figure. There are two types of arithmetic MeanSimple arithmetic meanWeighted Arithmetical meanMean = a? x1+x2+x3Nitrogena?X = the amount of variablesN= Number of observationsMedianMedian is the value of the point that goes to split, the series in to equal parts, one fractional incorporating values greater than it and the other half contain values less than it. Therefore series has to be arranged in go uping or locomote order before happening the median.MannerMode is the most common point of the series. Mode is defined as the value of the variable which occurs most often in a distribution.ScopeIs the difference between the smallest value and the largest value in the distribution? It s a unsmooth step o f scattering.Range = Largest Vale- Smallest ValueSemi Inter- quartile ScopeIt can be defined as the half the distance between 3rd quartile and first quartile.Semi Inter quartile scope = Q3 Q12Average DeviationIs the arithmetic mean of the divergence of a series computed from any step of cardinal inclination ( Mean, Median, Mode ) all the divergences are taken as dogmatic. Hence it is a step of scattering based on all points in the distribution.M.D. = a? degree Fahrenheit ( D )NitrogenD= divergence from meanf= several frequenceStandard DeviationThis can be defined as the positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the divergences of the given observation from their arithmetic mean.2 = a? ( X -X saloon ) 2NitrogenProductivenessAs koontz and O Donnel, productiveness is the stimulation end product ratio with in a clip period with due consideration for quality. As a expression,Productivity = OutputInput manoeuverIn its really simple signifier, productive people are capable of acquiring much end product with less gossip. This is nil to make with correspond of resources we have, but how good we are overseas telegram of utilizing available resources to accomplish higher degree of input.Productiveness can be measure through input end product ratio. If the ratio gets high figures than the budgeted figure shows the betterment in productiveness of the company.EffectivenessHarmonizing to Drucker, is making right thing , which denotes that resources are used to accomplish the intend aims. It s evidently connected with the end product of a procedure.Improvement in effectivity of the company indicates through if the figure of units produced for the twelvemonth is greater than the budgeted production units for the twelvemonth.Efficiency Making thing right . Hence efficiency is evidently connected with the usage of input. If anything is done with a minimal usage of resources, with no wastage and mopess, the manner it is done is efficient. If the mann er something is done is sound so t is efficient.Efficiency of the company indicates through decrease of direct labor cost per unit of end product, direct stuff cost per unit of end product and direct over caput cost per unit of end product. Direct labour cost per unit of out moue can be calculated by spliting the entire labor cost for the period by the figure of units produced. As such direct stuff cost for the period and direct over caput cost for the period besides divided by the figure of unit produced for the same period in order to bring forth the direct stuff cost per unit of end product and direct operating expense cost per unit of end product severally. This can be compared with the current twelvemonth and last twelvemonth.QualityTo run into the challenges of the competition, organisations are trusting progressively on higher quality. Although quality has ever been of import many organisations traditionally merely emphasizes sensible quality. It was and likely still is by an d large believed that high quality is associated with high cost.High quality had non been stressing in the yesteryear because traditionally, the cost accounting system did non mensurate the costs associated with utilizing hapless quality stuff and bring forthing hapless quality merchandises. Cost comptroller was by and large involvement in fiscal travel. Cost of hapless quality are by and large non fiscal in nature hard to mensurate and hence ignored. Management who relied upon traditional cost accounting studies was by and large incognizant of the high cost of hapless quality. This had contributed to the gradual eroding of competitory advantages of many organisations peculiarly against those organisations where there was a great trade of accent on quality including such characteristics as entire quality Control.J. ) Cost accountant tins steps quality. Quality steps include fiscal every bit good as non fiscal.IndexsMeasure of Vendor PerformanceDelivery on clipRight qualityRight me asureFair monetary value and footingsWillingness to work together to work out the jobsVendor public presentation is an of import since if seller or provider who do non adhere to high quality may present hapless quality stuff, unequal measures and do late deliver. As such cost of merchandises may increase and quality of merchandises lessenings.IndexsMeasure of Manufacturing PerformanceDefects ratesPercentage outputBitReworkUnscheduled machine down clipIf defects rates and bit values are high and unscheduled machine down clip are high indicts the hapless fabrication public presentation ensuing hapless quality to the company.Finally step of leaf node public presentation in footings of following indexs is of import since good public presentation show the high quality of the company. If figure of ailments are less, gilt feedback from the clients, merchandise failures at client locations are less and decreased guarantee disbursals shows the improve quality of the company.IndexsMeasure o f Customer AcceptanceNumber of client ailmentsFeedback from clientsMerchandise failure at client locationsGuarantee ExpensesUndertaking 02A. )Budget is a elaborate program sketching the acquisition and usage of fiscal and other resources over a specified clip period.Phases of Budgeting procedureCommunicating within informations of budget policy and usher lines to those people responsible for the readying of budgets.Determining the factor that restricts end product.Preparation of gross revenues budgetPreparation of functional budgets talks of budgets with higher-upsCoordination and reappraisal of budgetsConcluding credence of budgetsOngoing reappraisal of budgetsB. )Fixed BudgetsIt is prepared based on one degree of end product. If existent end product differs from budgeted degree of end product, discrepancy will originate. Therefore it s prepared on the premise end product and gross revenues can be estimated with just grade of truth. In the state of affairss where gross revenues an d end product can non be estimated accurately, fixed budgets do non accommodate and flexible budgets can be used.Flexible budgetsA budget which recognizes the difference between fixed and variable costs in relation to fluctuations in end product, turnover or their variable factors such as figure of employees are designed to alter appropriable with such fluctuations.C. )Gross saless, production, material use, Material purchase and direct labor budgets for the Grose Limited are depicted on Annexure 02 to this study.D. )Flossy Limited Cash budget for the period of 03 months is shown in annexure 02 to this study.Balance at the terminal of the each month is as follows.January =? 25,000February =? -125,000March = ? -45,000E. ) & A F. )Variance computation for the halt Production Company Ltd. Is shown in annexure to the studyG. )Operating statement is shown in annexure to this study.H. )Consequences of the operating statement shows the snap shooting of the differences between the budgets and existent figures, However detail analysis of each cost point is required to do good determinations.I. ) & A J. )Direct stuff discrepancy of the company indicates that existent proportion of stuff used are more than the standard proportion since it gives minus figure of 200. Direct material Output discrepancy examines the differences between the standard output of the existent stuff input and the existent output, both valued at the standard stuff cost of the merchandise.Direct labor discrepancy is the difference between the existent direct labour cost and standard direct labor cost for a period of clip. In this neither instance there is nor difference between the existent and standard cost. unsatisfying figure is given due to negative labour rate discrepancy of 800 and positive labor efficiency discrepancy of 800.Variable operating expense cost discrepancy besides recorded as Zero bespeaking there is no difference between budgeted figures and existent. This is as a consequence of the Unfavorable variable over caput outgo discrepancy of 200 and favourable discrepancy of variable over caput efficiency discrepancy of 200.Finally the fixed over caput outgo discrepancy shows the favourable discrepancy of 400 taking to the consideration of budgeted and existent fixed over caput cost. Whereas fixed over caput volume discrepancy is recorded as nothing.DecisionCollection of Cost Data and Reduction of Business Costs -Those cost aid to see the timing and hazard of the benefits from stock will power and helped to do good determinations hence monetary value of the houses common stocks additions.Planing and commanding cost Budgeting and other cost information are necessary for the directors who held responsible for a specific point of cost to stipulate bound on how much can be spent. This bound may be adjusted depending on the activity during the period.

Infection control Essay

In this explore essay the essayist will discuss the principles of tell apart- found nursing look into and its importance in health c be. Therefore a brief introduction in infection and infection prevention and control will also be made followed by the important focus of this research essay which will be hap hygienics by making use of five research terms, which are qualitative, quantitative, ethical consolidation, selective education collection and sample. In addition to this, the issue of the nigh common Healthcare Associated transmittances (HAIs) acquired in hospitals will also be explored and by referring to relevant research the essayist will investigate why then HAI still a acquire problem in the UK healthcare settings, as a number of studies and reports suggests that adequate mitt hygienics exercise is the key to reduce infection across the field of care (British Medical Journal, 2005 Lancet, 2007).The rule used to collect the primary source of cultivation was self-possessed through the use of the University library digital search, Cinahl Plus (a comprehensive source of evidence-based full-text for nursing & allied health journals, which provide concise overviews of diseases and conditions and outline the to the highest degree effective treatment options based on peer-reviewed medical research. Cinahl plus is available via EBSCO host), medical journal articles, books, publications and De spark offment of Health (DH) selective informationbase, and clinical guidelines if they indicate hand hygienics as a key to control and prevent HAI. A number of keywords were used, including quantitative, qualitative and research within the title infection control, hand hygiene and HAI so only records containing all the keywords were saved.The resulting list of articles was then reduced to English language, adult population, and systematic reviews published between 2000 to present. Of the 26 randomized controlled trials (RCT), twelve were discarded, as some were not relevant and some were unavailable. Furthermore the remaining ten literature review was divided into subtopics hand wash outing technique and decontamination, alcoholic drink-based hand rub, MRSA, and persevering infection prevention information. Evidence- based nursing normal is the term used to describe the process the nurses use to make clinical purposes and answer clinical questions based on scientifically proved evidence rather than onassumption, intuition or tradition (Bishop and Fresh water, 2003)In order for nurses to make the correct decision, they fox to be based in four approaches which include reviewing the best available evidence from peer-reviewed researches using their clinical expertise ascertain the quantifys and cultural needs of the individual, and determining the preferences of the individual, family and community. Therefore such could only be achieved if the nurses know how to access the latest research and correctly interpret and apply th e findings to their clinical utilise (STTI, 2005). Fact that is also supported by the Nursing & Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008, which states nurses essential lay off care based on the best available evidence or best practice.The fear of infection has been and will always be present in the human minds, rightly so as infections are the most common causes of death worldwide. From cartridge clip to time we hear of methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), C- Difficile, Norovirus, and any other organisms causing infection and threatening the health of the population (Ryan et al. 2001). Although in the developed countries the cardiovascular diseases and cancer are now the major causes, it is always an infection that tips morbidity into mortality (Meers, McPerson & Sedgwick, 2007). Infection prevention and control policies are a contentious issue in the healthcare settings. According to NICE (2012) new clinical guideline, every peerless in take ind in providing care must com ply with the normal principles and regulations in infection control. Standard precautions should be apply at all times by the healthcare workers when caring for patients.Such can be sodding(a) by practising simple skills including good hygiene in clinical environment, appropriate decontamination of workforce and equipment, correct use of personal protective equipment, correct use and governance of sharps, aseptic technique and waste disposal (DH, 2007, Pratt et al. 2007). The purpose of this is to reduce the jeopardize of infectious diseases to supply, patients and others where care is delivered. Additionally, is the healthcare professional duty and responsibility to provide and deliver safe care to patients (NMC, 2008). According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2005, there are around 5000 death in healthcare setting referable to HAI though the actual number of infections developed in the community is unknown (NHS QIS, 2005).Moreover,with many HAIs manifesting post-hospi tal discharge (National Audit Office (NAO), 2000), the prevalence of HAI in the UK is likely to be greater than that reported in current official statistics, although 15-30% of these can be prevented with good infection control practices such as adequate hand hygiene practice (Damani 2003). Wilson (2006) states that hand washing are a simple procedure and the rates of procedure should be high. However the evidence points to the contrary as it written in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, suggesting that healthcare professionals compliance to hand hygiene standards averages at 40% (CDC, 2002). Furthermore, Rumbau et al (2001) suggests that poor hand hygiene practice is the major area in contention in healthcare settings and healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique due to workload, under cater, and skin conditions, i.e. dermatitis (WHO,2009).Subsequently, the heavy workload whitethorn have a negative impact on compliance (OBoyle et al, 2001, Pittet et al 1999), resulting in infecting patients with avoidable HAIs such as staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile infection (C-difficile), among others types of infection (DH, 2003). Eventually, the distress and suffering it causes to the patient who acquires the above mentioned infection whilst in hospital, leads to loss of confidence and credibility and reputation of healthcare professionals and the NHS Trusts. As a result, it brings an increase to the monetary values of the already under funded hospitals from increased stays, increased medical expenses and damage to the patients and their relatives who may decide taking lawsuit demands (WHO report, 2006). NAO (2000) states that the cost of HAIs is approximately 1 billion per year, also around 9% of patients in hospitals in England at one time have an HAI.The Journal of Hospital Infection (JHI), (2008) own researchers A. Mears et al, carried out a quantitative and qualitative research story following the death of 180 patients infected with stomach infection in one of the worst outbreaks ever seen in the NHS Trust. The outbreak was blamed on poor measures, to manage, control and prevent infection, despite the Trust having high rates of HAI over several(prenominal) years (JHI, 2009). The study was aimed to investigate the potential factors linked to HAIs rates in acute NHS hospitals and which interventions may be effective to tackle this issue.The mixed methodological research terms used in the research was purposelychosen as it has been proved that integrate both research terms (qualitative and quantitative) in a study are essential to answer different sort of questions, collect different types of data and produce different type of answer (Burnang and Hannigan, 2000, Bourgeois, 2002). In addition, multiple data sources are useful in researches or studies as they are part of within method triangulation to make the study more trustworthy and credible, a lso to erect its depth by meeting different needs at different stages of a project, as well as compensates for shortcomings in any one method (Bourgeois, 2002 Kelly and Long, 2005), as it has been proved by the findings.Qualitative method is an organized, descriptive, systematic, and intensive process to collect data by using computer software programs i.e.ATLAS.ti, to efficiently examine, analyse, and bone up data, also to synthesize large volumes of data (Rebar et al, 2011). This method focuses on individual perceptions and how these are described, as well as recognise that the way people hold is determined by many factors including what is expected of them, how they interpret the behaviour of other people, and how they feel active what is happening (Rebar, Gersch, Macnee & McCabe, 2011). It is essential that the research is carried out with an open mind, as preconceptions could distort the interpretation of what is going on (Rapport, 2008). .QuantitativeThe method used for da ta collection in the study was semi-structure interview and a self- closure questionnaire with textual analysis of response to open questions, sent to 900 NHS Trust nurses. Interviews and questionnaires are the most common methods used for data collection. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect particular written data in order to specifically target objective factors or interest (Rebar et al, 2011). Whereas interviews are better for collecting sensitive personal information as the interviewer can establish a rapport with the subject (Crombie and Davies, 2002). Out of 900 nurses interviewed 700 acknowledged that inadequate hand washing by healthcare staff was the major cause of HAI. When questioned why healthcare professionals fail to comply with appropriate hand hygiene technique, more than 70% answered that lack of time, workload and high activity levels wasthe reason, and 66% answered low staff level and insufficient and inconveniently located sinks makes it difficult to comply.These findings are supported by evidence from infection control literature. However, it is clearly condition in the literature that the consequences of high activity levels experience among healthcare workers can have a negative impact on compliance (DH 2003, McCall & Tankersley, 2007). Besides The self- completion questionnaires were returned with 100% response rate. The results demonstrated that more than 95% of nurses assume that the inclusion of infection prevention and control in the staff (including medical students) training programmes may address the causes of the outbreak, therefore help to promote good infection prevention and control in the NHS Trusts hospital.Wilson (2006) argues in his literature that effective interventions in the management of HAIs, would involve a behaviour change on its own, feedback on behaviour, ownership of the problem and personal growth from healthcare staff. As such training alone would not be enough. The research terms and choice o f methods used by the researcher were appropriate as it provided the reader with a detailed understanding of the issues discussed in the study also can be used as a basis for future work.The Health Protection Agency (2006) reports that MRSA tops the list of HAI acquired in the NHS hospitals by 40% and in average 4000 patients develop this condition every year. The situation is so serious that the credibility and subsistence of NHS as an institution may be in jeopardy (Cooper et al, 2004, Marshall et al, 2004& Voss, 2004). In the UK the levels of MRSA in hospital has staggering arisen from 2% in 1990 to 42% in 2000, generating a major public health problem and a source of public and political absorb (Hawker, et al., 2005).Such rise has been attributed to the appearance of new strains with epidemic potential, hospital patients who are vulnerable to infections and failure to accommodate good hospital hygiene, including hand hygiene. Several studies of health professionals in hospital s fault the spread of antibiotic resistant infections to poor hand hygiene and decontamination among healthcare professionals (Sharek et al.2002, Ariello et al 2004). In the document Wining Ways released by the DH (2003), it is clearly stated that hand hygiene is essential to reducing the exposure of patients to HAIs, therefore the responsibility remains with staff todemonstrate high levels of compliance in hand disinfection protocols. However, improving compliance with hand hygiene remains a pressing patient safety concern (Lautenbach, 2001).The WHO (2009), developed a strategy known as Five Moments for Hand Hygiene to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers and to add value to any hand hygiene improvement strategy, also to educate healthcare workers close to the benefits of effective hand washing correlated with the correct techniques and timing of hand hygiene. The strategy indicates that cleaning hands at the right time and in the correct way should be an indis pensable element of care, and form an integral part of the culture of all health service, and any failure to address this issue in a satisfactory manner could be seen as a collapse of the Code of Professional Conduct. As a result it may put in question the healthcare professional fitness to practice and endanger his/ hers enrollment (CDC, 2002 NMC, 2006).The CDC first released formal written guidelines on handwashing in hospitals in 1975, aiming to reducing the risk of infection in hospitals, though it is believed that the idea has been around long forwards that (JHI, 2006). The NICE (2004) and HPA(2004) guidelines proposes that effective hand washing techniques should involve preparation, washing, rinsing, drying and the sequence should take roughly 40 to 60 seconds. The preparation, involves wetting the hands under tepid water (hot water should be avoided as it increases skin irritation) in front applying liquid goop to all surfaces of the hand. Then the hands must be rubbed together, paying particular financial aid to the tips of the fingers, the thumbs and areas between the fingers for at least 15 seconds.Finally, the hands should be rinsed thoroughly and the taps turned off by using the elbows to avoid recontamination. The hands should be pat dry with good quality paper towels which are therefore disposed of in a foot-operated bin (NICE, 2003). The above mentioned technique should be performed immediately, before direct patient contact or care (including aseptic procedures), after(prenominal) direct patient contact or care, after exposure to body fluid, after any contact with patients surrounding i.e. bed making, after touching wound dressings, handling medication, etc. Hand rubs or alcohol gelatin is part of the modern hand wash procedure. They are frequently used in between hand washing, as an alternative agent to water and soap or when hands are physically clean (i.e. not contaminated with organic matter or soil),(Endacott, Jevon and Cooper, 20 09).Alcohol gel/ rub should be applied in sufficient quantity to cover hands and wrists, as any surface that is not covered may leave contamination on the hands. The hands should be rubbed together briskly for approximately 10-15 seconds, until the hands feel dry. Hands should be washed with water and soap after every five applications of alcohol hand gel. Many campaigns and studies in hand hygiene clearly state the responsibility of healthcare professionals in the fight of infection prevention in hospitals, yet sparse studies mention the involvement of patients in the combat of same. A study revealed that 70% of patients did not receive any information in hand hygiene or other information regarding infection control and prevention when admitted to hospital (British Journal of Nursing, 2007).Several literature highlight the fact that infection may be caused by the patients own microbial flora or acquired from other infected patient via the contaminated hands of those delivering care (A. Mears et al, 2008). A disposal document originally initiated in the NHS Plan (DH, 2002) to encourage the empowerment of patients through patient information, are correlated with the clinical governance strategy of engaging patients in partnership to improve care. This new concept will empower patients by allowing them to be involved in the management of their care (Duncason and Pearson, 2005), also in decision making powers between the patient and the healthcare professional (Henderson, 2003). Moreover, this newly acquired power by the patients will also empower them to be involved in supervise and reporting on standard of cleanliness in hospital wards (DH, 2004).Additionally, Christopher Paul Duncan and Carol Dealey (2006) did a qualitative piece of research with the purpose to explore patient opinions about postulation healthcare workers to wash their hands before a clinical procedure and assess if patients knowledge and ken about infection risks they are uncovered while in hospital would influence the patients anxiety about asking. The method used in the study to collect data was a semi-structure questionnaire designed to be used in a descriptive survey. Data collection involves the gathering of information for qualitative and quantitative research through a variety of data sources, for instance, questionnaires, observations, interviews, conversations telephone interviews, books, past researches or studies, books and documents including, public and private documents i.e. official reports or historicaldocuments to specifically target objective factors or interest (Mason, 2002 Rebar et al, 2011).There are two ways of collecting data primary or/ and secondary sources. Primary sources are collected directly by the researchers themselves, whereas secondary sources are gathered through researches or studies published by others researchers. In this particularly study the initial semi-structured questions allows the researcher to gain an insight of the pa rticipants feelings about asking healthcare workers to wash their hands. Asking patients to ask staff to wash their hands might be challenging as there are ethical issues tie to it. Ethical issues are mainly concerned with a balance between protecting the right of participants privacy, safety, confidentiality and protection from deceit, whilst at same time pursuing scientific endeavour (I. Holloway, 2008). As it is outlined in the Nuremberg Code, some basic principles are to be reviewed for ethical appropriateness (Burnard, 2006). These principles include autonomy, beneficence and non-maleficence. self-direction refers to recognition that participants have the right to decide on a course of action or follow it.Meaning, the participant must have reasonable awareness of the nature of the research and its possible consequences, based on that they whether give or withhold consent. The patients must feel free from coercion. In the context of research, the researcher must maximise the b enefit of the patients whilst minimizing harm (Gillon, 2003), in the sense of , it may cause distress to the patients to ask staff to wash their hands as this may shine the care they get, reason why the chance of benefit should always outweigh the chance of harm (beneficence). Gillon (2003) defines non- maleficence as the avoidance of doing harm or the risk of doing harm. However in the Nuremberg Code, is outlined that a minor harm may sometimes offset a greater good, i.e. patients ask staff to wash their hands might affect the relationship with staff, but staff will be aware that patients have a voice in their care and therefore wash hands prior to start caring for them, then benefit all others patients.Researchers are required to ensure that all participants have an equal chance of be included from a study or benefit from it results. It is unfair and unjust to excluded participants from the study because their race, colour, gender, age or so on (National Research Ethics swear ou t (NRES), 2006). The questionnaire was dispersed to a randomized convenience sample of 224 inpatients to all department of an acute NHS Trust hospital.Sample in qualitative research seek to locate participants who have experience with the phenomenon of the interest to the researcher and who will bring as much depth, detail and complexity to the study (Rebar et al, 2011).In this study the researchers chose to use a convenience sampling. Conveniences sampling the participants are readily available though members of the sample may not be best respondents in the illumination of the research question (Newell and Burnard, 2011). The returned sample was 185 since some patients were too sick to answer and further 34 patients refused to participate. The study showed that 73 (71.6%) patients felt less anxious to ask staff to wash their hands before a clinical procedure if they were using a badge saying Its OK to ask. Patients well-informed about infection risks to themselves while in hospita l were more anxious to ask, although an ex political platformation could not be found. Out of 184 patients involved in the study only 25 (25.2%) were given information about hand hygiene and infection prevention when admitted in hospital, as opposed to 74 (74.7%) of patients who were given no information.The findings go against the DH (2003), plan to involve patients in their care management, also inform the patients about health issues they may face while in hospital (NPSA, 2004 Duncanson and Person, 2005). Whilst the kind of sampling and data collection strategies used by the researchers were detailed and descriptions of personal accounts were given, a purposive sampling would have been more appropriated as participants would have been intentionally selected as they would have more characteristics related to the purpose of the research, hence would have more relevant things to say (Newell and Burnard, 2011) Additionally, interviews would have been better choice for collecting data and would fill the live gap in the study.In conclusion, several studies links poor hand hygiene to the high rates of hospital acquired infections in NHS hospitals, yet insufficient evidence was supplied to enable a view to be taken on its potential contribution to reducing infection (A. Mears et al, 2009). More work needs to be do on hand hygiene, standards monitoring and education of healthcare professionals in the management and improvement of infection prevention and control in primary care practice (Wilson, 2006). Undoubtedly, adequate hand hygiene is the foundation for infection control activities, however there are stillseveral actions which NHS Trust hospitals can put in place to prevent and reduce the risks of infection, including the environment, infecting microbes and antimicrobial stewardship, patterns of healthcare and the patient treatment and diagnostic interventions (Patient Environment Action Team, 2005). Thus, the literature appraisal has highlighted the lack of the research in these areas.