Thinking Book Review Essay Example for Free

Thinking Book Review EssayBook Review The chapter speaks about face-to-face barriers and the system of enculturation. Enculturation meaning the way we were raised up by our families, the culture, work and religion affecting us through the way we see things. Importantly, atomic number 18 the factors of acceptance in society and following those norms through your lifestyle. The things you eat, drink, religious beliefs, violence and discrimination are all generated by enculturation. When people step aside from the conditions of enculturation, they operate more aware of the teachings and the ideas of others. It creates a theme of having an open mind and of better understanding. If the individual would step aside from some of the things brought down by family and the environment it would handle many of the misconceptions being spread and taught. If those who are unable to resist the process of enculturation tend to be fanatics instead of thinking things objectively on antitheti cal social and ethical concerns.Critical Review Overall, the chapter allows one to reflect upon ourselves to see how culture, environment, and family affect us in many different ways. From the ideology to the way we cut across people, we see others who think different than us as ignorant or blind but in actuality it is us who categorize and judge others based on our beliefs. Our own egos get in the way of learning and understanding other people or from experiences we would not have if it was not because of our own ideas. In the longsighted run, we have to rationalize and understand that different ideas and personalisedities are what make us unique and learn to disagree or agree without regarding your personal emotions. We ourselves placed these personal barriers that as time pasts leads us to regret and stress.

Legal, social, and economics of Business Essay Example for Free

Legal, social, and economics of Business EssayThe scenario in question gives us the portfolio of a someone that likes to do things around the home and has come up with an cerebration that might benefit his/her home and perhaps other brisk homes globally. A nonher version of this idea already exists on the marketplace but the person believes his invention might further simplify and make the implement more user hospit commensurate and safer. This person does non cede available funds for the cast off and would therefore nourish to look to an outsider to complete the task at hand. The inventor has researched the market of the other appliance and found that it has an annual growth of 2%. He believes this invention could increase that growth because he thinks this invention might be utilise in many other appliances making the product quite versatile and therefore appealing to a wide range of markets. For the person to be able to make a wise decision about how to make his project a reality we look at three pillowcases of line of course, the repair proprietorship, general confederacy and corporation, while considering the advantages and disadvantages.After looking thoroughly at these lawsuits of tunees, we try to make an informed decision in which type to recommend for the project, keeping in reason all the aspects of the persons limitations. These three types of businesses all have their advantages and disadvantages and base on those we determine that general partnership would be the smartest way to proceed, as the persons limitations minimize the chances of the two other options succeeding.Let us start by looking at closely at the three business types in question regarding the scenario.Sole proprietorship, a business owned and operated by one person.AdvantagesHe would be in full control, and accountable to no one but himself. In the case listed this could be full because he could manage his time between his business and the home equally, o n the other hand it might also bring difficulties both to the home and business as one might suffer from the other. Managing a business by oneself must be a difficult task.It is easily achievable. The startup of a mend proprietorship would be easy, but does success come from ease? There must be some hazards and difficulties involved.Less money to be raised for showtime up the business. As written in the scenario, the subject does not have access to large funds, therefore this could be a less financially upsetting way to start.DisadvantagesHe would be liable for all the debts of the business personally, there is no limit to his liability. Putting his familys financial security at risk might not seem a reliable idea and hardly appealing to his spouse, but taking a considerable amount of risk would be necessary.He might find it difficult to attain funding. Being an individual with low net worth banks and other loan facilities might not privation to take the chance of lending the money for the project.General partnership, two or more persons whom share monetary responsibilities.AdvantagesGrowth possibilities. As described in the scenario the idea could be usable with several appliances making the project likely to have considerable growth potential in time.Easier to attain funding. If two or more individuals take up partnership it is more likely to be appealing to monetary facilities to fund the project because two individuals are worth more than simply one.Both partners are taxed as individuals. Only one level of taxation. Partners are taxed according to their partnership agreement and have full control over how their income is allocated in accordance to their interests as long as there is economic reason.DisadvantagesOne person may be liable for all debts. If for example a person would only be letting someone use their name in the partnership agreement, that same person, even if he or she could prove never to have had anything to do with the business itse lf, could be liable. It is therefore extremely important to have a good, detailed partnership agreement that covers all aspects of the partnership.Conveyance of ownership flowerpot be arduous. If for example one of the partners died, the partnership would go to his next of kin or whomever is his or her heir. This could be a problem if that person is not elicit in the partnership or for any other reason is unable to uphold the partnership agreement.Corporation, a business where owners have separate term from the business itself and are only financially liable at part.AdvantagesThe owners are only liable for the funds they bring into the business. There is an exception from this rule, if the incorporation of the company was not up to par, an owner can be held liable.The business is not reliant on the owners to continue. The board members can easily agree on push an owner out of the corporation, which can be become a reality in this particular scenario if the inventor or initial ow ner of the corporation does not have a bulletproof agreement and/or patent of the product of the corporation. If an owner dies or by any other loadeds cannot uphold his status in the corporation it does not affect the corporation itself.DisadvantagesCostly startup. As written before, the subject is not a person of great means. Starting a corporation could be extremely difficult for this person.Rules and regulations. There are different rules and regulations in accordance with where the corporation is incorporated, for the subject it might be a wise decision to incorporate in another state than where he lives, which in turn could make the spouse unhappy for it would obviously make the home intent difficult and/or resolve in them having to move the whole family to a new place.The owner as well as the business are taxed separately, making the income double taxed. First, a corporation pays income taxes on company profits. Then stockholders pay taxes on their income (in form of dividen ds) returned by their investments.( Ebert, R. J., Griffin,R. W. (2011), page 48)To make an informed decision regarding the type of business that best fits the persons interests, abilities and the product, the first step for the person could be to have the idea assessed. There are several businesses that offer that pleasant of services and for this particular scenario it might be the best thing to do. From reading the scenario it is apparent that the persons spouse is insecure about the whole affair and by having the idea or invention assessed the inventor could get an experienced professional in this field to assess the product regarding manufacturing possibilities, consumer needs, legal aspects and distribution, before he jumps in at the deep end and puts his familys financial security at risk.Having done that, based on the assessment, he could make an informed decision regarding the business type best suitable. After reading the scenario and studying the business types it would be likely that the best type in this case would be General partnership. That recommendation is based on the fact that the person is low on funding options and taking in consideration the families security, sole proprietorship seems too risky because the person would have to create large debts in the beginning to just produce the product, that is, if any type of monetary company would want to risk lending to the person in the first place.Also by opting for sole proprietorship, all obligations of the business would fall on the person, making the venture potentially minimize family time. Even though sole proprietorship could result in great personal success and money if all went as planned, the initial risk would be too great, especially when interpreted into consideration the fact that the person has little or no managerial skills. By choosing general partnership, the person could, after having the invention assessed, and perhaps patented the appliance, make detailed business plan tha t could be presented to one or more potential business partners with access to large funds and /or good credit, being careful in choosing someone who can bring to the table something that compensates his shortcomings, like his lack of managerial skills.General partnership also divides the risk, making the project more appealing to the persons spouse. By creating a bulletproof detailed partnership agreement it minimizes the risk of all factors of the disadvantages in general partnership. Choosing the corporation type at this time would not be wise because it requires large funds and could prove too large an undertaking for the person at this point. That however does not mean things cannot change in time.

We see and understand things not as they are but as we are

We contrive and empathise things non as they ar yet as we areWe see and understand things not as they are but as we are. Discuss this claim in at least two ways of knowing.When the theory of fightership teacher asked a student in the class to examine and describe a paper salad days, he boldly described it as soft, weak and sm tout ensemble. I also examined the same paper flower and came up with an understanding that the flower is small, weak and soft. This was because we both were observing the same thing. This observation leads to a hypothesis that the existence of noesis without human minds is not possible. If in that instant of time one of us would unfold the paper flower and make a paper boat to run it on the water place in a bucket, we both would have called the differences. This assertion points out our ways of acquiring knowledge. Is it worth saying that human mind understands the world and its phenomenon according to the knowledge being saved in to it earlier. Does culture has impacts in the way humans see and understand? Do people of diametrical religions experience the same macrocosm? Through this strain I shall try to look at the above mentioned problems of knowing and come up with an argument that humans do see and understand things not as they (things) are but as we (humans) are. Famously quoted by N. R. HansonTwo third of what we see is behind our eyes.I myself agree with the title of the essay that I see and understand things not as they are but as I am. But why? We wouldnt have any knowledge of the after-school(prenominal) world without our perception. For example a person from a different culture than ours would misunderstand the purpose of a finger bowl with a flower flower petal at a dining table and perceive it as a bowl of soup. The important issue here is that a same thing is sensed differently by different ob suers due to various aspects in their lives. These perceptions are often pissedly influenced by our experiences a nd memories, religion, personality, culture and even gender. Plato defined knowledge as Justified True Belief. According to the definition, the more justification we can provide for a particular flavour, the knowledge constructed from the fact will be easier to understand. Mostly the knowledge human value primarily is based on cultural backgrounds and past knowledge. For example dogs will always scare a man if he has been bitten by dog in the childhood while some people on the different hand have dogs as pets and loves them as their sustain children.One of the main issues of knowledge in this scope would be to explore the question that states that do emotions affect the way we see and understand things? First of all, I must mention that the ways of getting knowledge from emotions are facial expressions, tone of voice or tears. For example if I drag literature into the essay and take a look at the Slumdog Millionaire. There comes a point in the story when the character Jamal wit nesses his girlfriend getting rapped. Jamal finds this act of violence more hurtful to himself sooner of finding it hurting to his friend. Jamal sees himself as the victim because of the pain he is getting just by hearing the voices and runs from the scene. But in reality his refusal to help his friend makes him as accused of the crime as the perpetrator. The point of interest in this example is that Jamal saw the situation through his mind and his emotions did not let him see the actual reality. So he saw the whole situation as he was, not as the reality was.Another example in this context could be a student who is very intelligent but is held down in the class because he is deemed to be selfish. In his point of view he is strong and independent and has great integrity that is why he never bows to altruism. But other students criticize him because of this attitude. Sacrifice of self is highly appreciated in some cultures but in others self reliance is honored the most. This also p oints me back to the question of the essay and concludes that culture plays a significant role in what we see and how we perceive it. Religion also plays a part in the perception of people. For example Muslims are not allowed to eat pork and they have phantasmal justifications to prove their belief but for the rest of the world it is quite normal to eat pork and they serve it both at their national and holy events. hence a same event in time and space cannot be perceived by same point of view by particular conclave of people. These three examples led me to conclude that perception is so strongly influenced by emotions, culture and religion that people see the reality as they are not as the reality is.Sometimes one comes across knowledge that seems authentic but that is not true. I will quote the 4th century BCconcept that the terra firma is flat. Lack of equipment and modern technology lead ancient scientists to claim this hypothesis. The scientists justified this hypothesis by saying that if earth was not flat rather field then the things on the curved surface of the earth would slide and fall down. Moreover they also justified that the earth appears to be flat even viewed from a high altitude. Since their conclusion (justifications) made sense to the people of that era, so they considered this knowledge precious. But with the passage of time, scientists realized that earth is spherical instead of flat. They justified this belief by showing the fact that if earth was flat then all the bodies in the sky should be visible at the same time for all parts of the surface. Also when a ship disappears in the horizon justifies that the earth is sphere. These justifications were not enough for old believers of flat earth. Advancement in science and technology made humans land on moon. When astronauts showed pictures of earth taken from the surface of moon, people started believing the new knowledge. Pictures served as proof for the belief. Even in the straw ma n of these strong reasoning some old religious scientists deny the fact and are still proving their old knowledge. They believe that in such cases pictures can serve as propaganda. Knowledge based on photographs could be biased or subjective. Thus this example shows that the knowledge that people value the most is the one with their own concrete justifications based on the circumstances or the previous knowledge. But how can we know what could be close to reality? Photographs are a hightail it to reach knowledge, they dont serve knowledge. They can be manipulated for various purposes as in this example photographs taken from moon can be a source of propaganda for the country first reached at moon.There also exists knowledge that has similar outcomes yet people do not agree with it. I will take ghosts as example. Spiritual scholars have played a key role in showing existence of ghosts. They showed religious references, pictures, videos and people who can approve their existence but majority of the people do not believe this because they are not able to show their justification to the rest of the world. If I consider myself, I in person believe in ghosts because my religion has strong justifications for that. But those justifications are very weak for the non believers. So when I see a person screaming at night or walking in sleep I consider it as influence of some ghost because this is what my religion and culture taught me. On the other hand modern science has showed evidence to many sicknesses in which a sleeping person might walk and even go to graveyard to take to be the dead ones. So a doctor will see this situation completely differently than anyone from old South Asian society. This is also an example of different perception of the same event.The whole discussion in this essay leads me to conclude than more the justifications, more reliable the belief is. But sometimes even justifications and proofs exit to convince people. Forexample we see a toothpi ck is embedded in chocolate dipped strawberries. A person with good socio economic background knows the purpose of this toothpick that is lifting the strawberry without getting hands dirty. On the other hand a person with less social status might see the toothpick as a cleaning official document that is used right after one has eaten the strawberries. So this whole discussion can be concluded by saying that knowledge that is most valuable depends on person to person. The knowledge that satisfies ones belief, emotions and actions is valued to him. Thus for him that particular knowledge is most valuable. But if we think logically, then there is no doubt that strong justifications (as in science) make the argument more valuable. As said by David Hume (1711-76)Reason is always and everywhere the slave of the passions

How Culture Affects Identity

How finis Affects identity operatorCulture idler be specify as the increasing deposit of knowledge, material objects, values, religion, notions of time, attitudes, hierarchies, concepts of the universe, spatial relations, roles, and beliefs and possessions gained by a group of people in the path of generations through individual and group striving (Poyatos, 2002). Culture can withal be lineed as communicating and the bench vise versa. This is beca pulmonary tuberculosis culture is a symbol of communication. Some of these symbols include knowledge, a groups skills, attitudes, motives and values. Culture can also be defined as the sum total of in all the learned behaviors of a group that are commonly considered to be the tradition of a particular group of people and are conveyed from generation to generation. Identity can be defined as a set of soulal or behavioral characteristics by which an individual can be associated with a authoritative group. Identity also refers to t he state of an individual having few specific qualities which identify him with a particular group of people or things. The combination of these two nouns (culture and identity) gives rise to heathenish identity which refers to the sense of belongingness to a particular group or culture.From a personal view, culture refers to the way (aspects) of a persons life. These aspects of life include language which is angiotensin converting enzyme of the oldest medium of expression in the human institution, arts and sciences which are the forms of human expression most refined and advanced and thought which can be defined as the methodologies in which an individual grasps, interprets, and understands the world around him. There is also spirituality which is a value system passed through generations for the purpose of well be in human creations. It is expressed through actions, language and social activities which are discriminated to be the shared pursuit within any particular cultu ral community.All cultures or social organizations have severe dimensions just like physical dimensions of length, height, width, time and height. The cultural dimensions may vary according to size, permeate the unit or by definition one cannot see a dimension of culture or society just the way we see an individual person however each person manifests each of the five dimensions of culture. Hofstede came up with five dimensions which are rated in 53 countries basing on indices of each dimension. These dimensions are namely business office distance (hierarchy), femininity versus masculinity, collectivism versus individualism, uncertainty distractance, and long term versus short term orientation (Hofstede, Pedersen Hofstede, 2002). (PD) Power distance refers to the extent to which less caterful members expects prise and accepts unequal power distribution within a particular culture. According to Hofstede, high PD countries tend to maintain centralized political power and screenin g tall hierarchies in organizations with massive differences in salary and social status. Subordinates always perceive the manager as a benevolent dictator and they are therefrom expected to follow the rules just as they are stipulated. The low PD countries perceive subordinates and supervisors as sozzledr to being equal and easily interchangeable (Marcus Gould, 2000). They also have more flattened hierarchies in organizations and with less difference in salaries and social status. In these low PD countries, equality is generally desired and expected.As a citizen of United States my country has a current PDI of 40 in comparison to the worlds range of 55 (Marcus Gould, 2000). I support this low PDI beca enforce in my American culture there is better equality between the societal levels, government institutions, organizations and within families. My American cultural environment is stable and there is cooperative interaction in all power levels. I practice American culture and id entity and its because of this that I can say my culture has sense of equality. For lawsuit teachers, students (children) and parents perceive each another(prenominal) as equals but not necessarily identical. The students and teachers relate well. Personally, I relate well with my lecturers and none of us feels like he/she has power over me as his student. In work places, people hold different position but regardless of this many perceive each other as brothers and it is therefore difficult to experience some work related humanitarian crises. Individualism in culture refers to loose ties. This mans that one is expected to look after himself-importance, his immediate family and no one else. Collectivism on the other hand style that people are incorporated together by birth into cohesive, unfluctuating groups that act as protection in exchange for unquestionable loyalty.According to Hofspede, individualistic cultures value freedom, personal time and extrinsic motivators like mate rial rewards at work (Marcus Gould, 2000). In these individualistic cultures, individual socio-economic interests are highly valued and strong rights of privacy are maintained. In general it advocates for the ideologies establish on self-actualization, self government, self realization and freedom. On the other hand collectivist value skills, training, physical conditions and the intrinsic rewards based on mastery. In relations to family they value harmony, silence, use of shame in the achievement of behavioral goals and the strife to maintain face. The socio- economic interests are highly valued rather than individuals.According to the American culture which is also my cultural identity, we prefer situations whereby there is self sustenance. For example personally I like attending to my issues in my own way since thats what my parents have taught me. If I am in need, I commit I should consult my parents, brothers and sisters before going to the external world. I also try to reali ze my goals using my own magnetic declination without interference. This tendency is very common in the American culture. This is well supported by the studies of Hofstede which show that in the class 2009 the United States had an IDV of 91 the highest dimension compared to the other countries (Marcus Gould, 2000). This means that the society has high individualistic attitude and relative loose bond with others. Therefore, the society is more self dependent and is concerned only for themselves and their close family members. Masculinity and femininity refers to the gender roles in a particular culture. Traditionally the masculine roles were based on assertiveness, toughness and competition while the feminine roles were based on tenderness, orientation to people, home and children. These traditional gender distinctions are almost breaking due to the collapse of feminine roles. The traditional masculine work goals include recognition, earnings, challenge and advancement. The tradit ional feminine work goals included good relations, employment security and good living and working conditions.As an American upholding the American culture, I have realized many women trends are changing since they are pursuing degrees and diplomas to get into white-color jobs unlike in the early days when females used to stay at home taking care of children. Many females have taken jobs such as engineering, medical and teaching jobs which used to belong to men. According to Hofstede, in the year 2009 the MAS for America was 68 meaning the country experiences a higher degree of gender differentiation roles (Marcus Gould, 2000). This means that the female population is more assertive and competitory just like men. Uncertainty avoidance dimension deals with the societys tolerance as it pertains to ambiguity and uncertainty. It depicts how members in a society have attempted to cope with the disquiet through the minimization of uncertainties. In the cultures of high uncertainty avoi dance people always prefer formally designed activities and explicit rules. You entrust also find that most of the employees tend to retain their employers (Amanda.com 1). In low uncertainty avoidance cultures, people always prefer implicit rules and more informal activities. Again, employees cannot retain their employers. In my American culture rules are very flexible and it accommodates diverse ideologies. For example there are many religions unlike in other countries like Moslem where only one religion is tolerated.My American culture has few rules and it doesnt do much to control all outcomes and results. It also tolerates a variety of ideas believes and thoughts. The long term versus short term orientation refers to the societys time horizon. It also examines the importance of the future compared to the present and past. In my American culture I believe that I believe that I will meet my obligations and I also believe the American society will always meet its obligation no ma tter the hardships and inconveniences we will experience. Also, I appreciate my American tradition which is characterized by a lot of hard work in order to achieve something meaningful in life. Culture and identity tyrannically influences the relationship between me and my parents because we rarely have any conflicts. This is because I know what my parents advocated for since my childhood (family traditions) and this makes it easier for us to interact without much issues arising.Culture and identity has had a negative impact between my family members and me because some cultural aspects are continually changing but they are not adapting to these changes. For example the American culture has shunned the traditional segregation that existed between the black and the white Americans but my parents do not always welcome the idea of the association between these too American ethnic groups. This means that I am not always allowed to bring visitors from a different ethnicity. Again my cul ture doesnt allow people to attend church without formal preparations. This has caused a negative impact on the relationship between me my parents and the church. Due to changing modes of dressing I find the cultural church dressing code not entertaining while at the other hand the church leaders are opposed to the new ways of dressing in the church. Our culture advocates for good mannerisms at school failure to which one is subjected to parental punishment. This has fostered a positive interpersonal relationship between my peer group, teachers and me. This is because I am aware of the rights and the falsely and therefore I try to avoid conflicts resulting from disobedience or arrogance towards my peers. My American cultural identity has also helped me in forming positive personal relations with the surrounding people and communities. This is because it advocates for brotherhood and I therefore try to be careful when socializing with people so as to avoid conflicts. Consequently, many people in the community find me as their friend who they can count on and therefore good interpersonal relations.Due to my cultural identity I have individually and collectively experienced many challenges in the American society. One challenge is that of persistent identities in form of biracial perceptions. This is because many people keep on asking me about my race because my bodily appearance doesnt suggest it. Ethnocentrism is the other challenge. This is because some of my college friends like the children from the very generous families in the community feel that they have superior ways of life (culture) than us from middle class families. They tend to perceive us as inferior, wrong in all aspects and strange. Another challenge I have faced due to my cultural identity is prejudice. This has been caused by the attitude of ethnocentrism. My fellow college mates from sloshed backgrounds tend to show intolerant and unfairly biased attitude towards me and other people of m y status (middle class). The next challenge is cultural stereotyping. This is because of the exaggerated generalizations about a particular group (females). For example in the American culture the females have been stereotyped in terms of their emotions. It is believed that females experience and also express sadness, fear and sympathy. On the other hand men experience and express anger and pride. Another challenge is cultural proximity whereby many cultures are assumed to be similar. For example due to modernization, the subcultures (white and black) in my country have now been integrated almost into one though people come from different places of origin.The other challenge I have faced due to my cultural identity is that of misinterpretation of codes. For example due to my dress code most of my colleagues demerit me for a Muslim chick because I always have veil on my neck and put on a long skirt. There are some(prenominal) occasions whereby my literal behaviors or cues have be en misunderstood like when I use inflections (variation of speech). When I lower the pitch of voice too or make it deeper on certain words. This low pitch implies confidence, certainty, and authority. However my college mates view this as a sign of ignorance or lack of cooperation in speech. Other times I use upward inflection (raised pitch) in speech to communicate uncertainty, surprise and doubt. This however bring about miscommunication when am talking to my college friends who come from other cultures like Muslims who perceive my tone as a sign of coercion and harassment. Some times I repeat my statements as a sign of emphasis but some of my friends perceive that as a speech problem. Often, I get frustrated or angered when my friends mistake these verbal behaviors to be signs of weakness. There are several occasions when my non-verbal behaviors have been misunderstood. For example when I use a frequency of glances to indicate attention, interest and involvement most people think that am being timid and am using it to protect myself from them or as a sign of fatigue. Some of my friends have also misunderstood me through tactile communication (touch). For example I give a warm hug to all my friends as a sign or greetings when we meet but some friends mistake me for a multiple lover. Others mistrust their companions due to these kinds of greetings. This mistrust is caused by the fact that they interpret it emotionally. Some of my friends misinterpret my use of fig which in my culture means you cant have it. They say that it is immoral or obscene. I feel sad when people misinterpret these non-verbal cues.

Factors Increasing Extinction Rates in Giant Panda Populations

Factors Increasing Extinction Rates in monster Panda PopulationsAiluropoda melanoleuca otherwise known as the Giant Panda is categorised as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, 2007a). This means that this is an animal which is at a very high risk of infection of facing defunctness, i.e. the species give die off. This has been a main concern for conservation since the 1950s, as at present there are approximately peerless gravitational constant and six hundred colossus pandas reenforcement on earth today (Yiming et. al, 2002). There are many reasons which start caused a such decline in populations of Giant panda such as their reliance on generally bamboo, low reproduction positions, hunting and most importantly home ground destruction. All of these positionors have played a key part in pushing our much loved animals to smaller and smaller poem. WWF, (2011a) states that 30,000 sq km of forest in China is entirely protected for pandas. Th is means that 80% of wild panda are highly protected by the Chinese government (WWF, 2011a), but why are numbers still decreasing? This essay will discuss what these doers are and how they are affecting the populations and communities of A. melanoleuca. Currently there are programmes world carried out to back up follow this species and increase numbers but are these really working? Why are there still so many few Giant pandas living on earth today? And smoke our conservation efforts help prevent this species from going in to extinction? To answer these questions we must look at each(prenominal) factor and how these are being dealt with.The Giant Panda inhabits South Central China and ranges from six isolated mountains in the Gansu, Sichuan and Shaanxi Provinces (IUCN, 2007b). Currently, this species is on the Appendix 1 CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) List (CITES, 2011a). This means that giant pandas cannot be traded int ernationally except in circumstances in which the reason for trading is for scientific research (CITES, 2011b). This is because this species is critically endangered and is at a high risk of extinction. The prohibition of trade will prevent giant pandas being removed from their natural habitats and reduce extinction rates in this species.Despite being biologically carnivorous, A. melanoleuca has an herbivorous diet consisting primarily of bamboo (Dierenfield et. al, 1982). In fact it is estimated that 99% of the Giant Pandas diet comprises of this food source (Schaller et. al, 1985, cited in Carter et. al, 1999). Therefore, habitat locations are very dependent on the distribution and availability of bamboo (Xuezhi et. al, 2008).There is a wide variety of bamboo which is consumed by the giant panda which consists of sixty different types with thirty-five of those containing their primary food sources (Hu, Wei, 2004, cited in IUCN, 2007b). By limiting their diet to mainly bamboo, the giant panda is at risk of eventual starvation. This is because in every fifteen to one hundred and twenty years, there is a bamboo die-off cycle which of course occurs (Calhoun, 2005). Once this die-off occurs in the bamboo (depending on which species), the time it takes to grow to a level which can feed a full population of giant panda can be up to twenty years, thus many pandas are starved and may die due(p) to this (Calhoun, 2005). Examples of this would be two of the main species of bamboo which are eaten by the giant panda Arrow and Umbrella. It takes on average between forty and fifty years for Arrow bamboo to flower and for Umbrella bamboo this process takes approximately one hundred years (Franzen, 2003). Once these species and others eventually die off, giant pandas will need to search for a re strayment and if unsuccessful, will starve to death and may face extinction.In the event of certain types of bamboo species dying off, conservation plans must be in place. In rece nt years, conservationists have been putting in place corridors between panda populations and areas which have bamboo which is not being fed on which can be suitable for feeding (Carter et. al, 1999). This type of programme is also being done to create corridors between different populations of panda also (Carter et. al, 1999). It was also suggested by Carter et. al, 1999, that these corridors should be a long term solution as the carrying force (the maximum population size a species can reach) of the giant panda can take up to two hundred yearsAnother factor which has had a negative impact on the population sizes of pandas is their vulnerability to poaching. This is when they are hunted (by pieces) in the wild for their skins and skulls (Yiming et. al, 2002). To assess what effect poaching is having on the giant panda population viability analysis (PVA) is need. PVA takes into account a range of ecological and purlieual factors to evaluate the risks and threats to particular sp ecies. This allows planning for conservation and allows us to chance upon levels of threats to a take backn species (Yiming, et. al, 2002). By using PVA, Yiming et. al, 2002, plunge that even without the effects of poaching to giant pandas, population numbers were still very low. This is quite unreassuring as this means that although poaching is highly threatening, other factors are still pushing the species towards extinction. Results from Yiming et. al, 2002, experiments found that with the increase of poaching of the giant panda, a large reduction in population size and a higher extinction rate was the result. Their experiments also compared poaching between the two sexes. They found that poaching in females was found to have a more negative impact on the extinction rate as they would appear to have a higher extinction rate than males, despite the intensity of poaching being the exact same. This comparison was mirrored in the analysis comparing adult and young pandas (i.e. A dults had a higher extinction rate). Therefore, Yiming et. al, 2002, highlighted that although the giant panda is naturally facing extinction due to many factors, poaching can significantly increase the extinction rate in populations. However, in recent years, the market for panda skins and incidents of poaching has began to decrease and is now no longer a key threat to the population of the giant panda (IUCN, 2007b). cut illegal capture and killing of the giant panda has been very successful due to reproduction conservationists to patrol areas in which pandas are at risk (WWF, 2011b). The WWF began this training in 1996 and had more than three hundred people deft within four years. Above this, cameras have been installed on sites in which the giant panda inhabits. This allows trained staff to see how the pandas live naturally and can plan ahead on useful conservation programmes to prevent extinction occurring (WWF, 2011b).A. melanoleuca have a k-strategy come near when it comes to reproduction (Linderman et. al, 2004). This is because females do not begin to mate until they are approximately four or five years old and will only give birth to a small number of cubs (this can be as little as one or two young) (WWF China, 2011). If food is scarce (i.e. due to bamboo die-off) then the chance of the survival of cubs is very slim. Another factor which affects the reproductivity in the giant panda population is pandas in incarceration. It has been found that giant pandas in captivity are not breeding well and it has been suggested that they find it difficult to mate in the presence of humans. This is because they are not in their natural environment (WWF China, 2011).The study threat to giant panda communities which is increasing extinction rates is habitat loss. Habitat loss is due to human impacts in which the giant pandas habitats have been unmake by logging, agriculture and the development of hydropower amongst many other things (WWF, 2011c). Research publi shed in 2008 by Xeuzhi et. al stated that agriculture was the most threatening human impact on reducing habitat sizes in panda populations. This is because farmland is usually located near human settlements which affect pandas directly. Also, as pandas are required to consume clean drinking water every day to survive, they tend to avoid large rivers. This is because large rivers are usually nearby to human settlements, in which the water will be highly polluted (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). Therefore, human impacts are limiting where panda communities can live. Fragmentation of the giant pandas habitat is also a factor contributing towards increasing the extinction rate. This has been due to again, human impact as the Chinese economy has being growing exponentially (WWF China, 2009).As habitat destruction and fragmentation are the major issues impacting the giant panda population it is highly important that we try to reverse these effects as human act is responsible for this. An example o f an area which has been badly affected is Jiuzhai ring road in the Minshan Reserve Region (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). This has a high number of traffic free-and-easy and has caused the nearby community of pandas to become remote (Xuezhi et. al, 2008). It was suggested by Xuezhi et. al, 2008 that in order to prevent further damage to panda communities, the amount of human activity had to be reduced. This same idea was suggested for the Jiuzhai ring road by reducing traffic daily.In conclusion, it is clear to see that the future of giant panda populations and communities is critical and will remain so unless great changes are made. This is mainly down to human impacts which have negatively affected population numbers by destroying habitats, removing this species from its natural environment (captive breeding) and poaching. However, the giant pandas specialised diet is also pushing this species towards extinction as they are at risk of starvation. Despite this, programmes are in place to help restore habitats by creating corridors to new sources of bamboo and monitoring to prevent poaching. However, at the moment it is very difficult to determine whether or not the extinction of A. melanoleuca will be sooner rather than later. In short, the future of the giant panda is uncertain.

Macbeth :: essays research papers

History is made up of many time periods, many of theseperiods had a certain norm, and a way of thinking that wasaccepted and adopted by the majority of the people. In theElizabethan/Jacobean time period the notion accepted and inplace at the time was that of a great kitchen stove of being. Thisnotion in which God is at the top, then comes the planets,the angels, human kind and finally the animal kingdom. In detail, it was based on psalm 8 and hardened God, theall- mightful being, on the uppermost link of the chain andgave him all the power. In order for any other being or thingto possess power he/it could do so only with the permissionof God or in accordance to the will of God. In The Tragedyof Macbeth, Shakespeare, pushes the concept ofprimogeniture and also the fact that the king is put intopower by the will of God and anyone opposing the kingwould not only cause a great disturbance in the great chainof being but would likewise be going against the will of God.In doing this, is Shakespeare convincing enough or is thisidea hype and with break through signification? To explore this notion wemust first look at the characters Shakespeare uses topromote this notion. An obvious character to start withwould have to be the one who is king at the beginning of theplay. Duncan is a righteous king, one who is greatlyrespected by many of his subjects. Even the man, who killedhim, did so, not because of Duncans unjustly ruling butrather out of personal greed. Before Macbeths greed forpower consumed him, he praises Duncan during his strugglewith the decision of whether or not to usurp the throne andin doing so, cause great snake pit according to the great chainof being. We see this when Macbeth says " This Duncanhath born his faculties so meek, hath been so clear in hisgreat office, that his virtues will plead like angels,trumpet-tongued, against the deep damnation of his takingoff." Yet in all his greatness and although chosensupposedly by God, Duncan was onl y human and possessednegative qualities as well. The king, Duncan, was not inbattle (along side his Generals), he is at a nearby camp (I II,p1). This suggests that the king is dependent of other for hisown protection. We see the naivete that Duncan possesseswhen he says "He was a gentleman on whom I built anabsolute trust." (I IV 15-16, p.11) In fact he complete trustin a man who was in an enemy.

Censorship Essay -- essays research papers

Recently in the news, the National Association for Stock Car railroad car locomote (NASCAR) fined Johnny Sauter, one of their device drivers, $10,000 as well as charging him 25 points for inappropriate comments do after a BUSCH race in Las Vegas. The spoken communication tell were at the conclusion of a race in which the driver had been putting his life on the line at over 200 mph. Fueled with adrenaline, the words intercommunicate were not words ordinarily used by Sauter, however, NASCAR legislated just the same (McCormick). This case is the roughly recent of many that censoring has become a major(ip) battleground. Since first the shootings of April 1999 in Columbine Colorado, and most recently, the 2004 Super Bowl Halftime show in which singer Justin Timberlake exposed the breast of fellow singer Janet Jackson, the presidential term has made it its priority to influence the recreation industry to put into place new rules, such as the one in NASCAR, to regulate inappropri ate material, hence increase censorship. On top of this, the industry itself has begun to attempt a type of self-censorship. Although censorship has been around for ages, what is it and why does it exist? Censorship in todays while is a higher power attempting to prevent disturbing or painful sights, sounds, or any other information form from reaching the humans in order to keep a feeling of well moral being. However, the main question in todays times is whether or not censorship is necessary in todays world, and if the judicature should be able to force censorship on the entertainment industry.Though the case involving the NASCAR driver is the most recent ridiculous form of censorship, it has taken place throughout the history of entertainment itself. However, in the past ten years, after censorship laws had begun to loosen, the media and the government has in one case again begun to pull tighter on the censorship blindfold, covering societys eyes. After the shootings in Colora do, many wrongfully took up arms against the entertainment industry, convert society that the institutionalize for the teens actions should fall on the violence they viewed in movies and on TV. Therefore, following the shootings, the House of Representatives held a hearing to financial aid localise any new bills that should be put into place to restrict the entertainment industry. As written by Virginia Postrel in an oblige for Reason magazine... ...utting blame else ware, parents, as well as other authority figures, are not solving the problem, rather, they are throwing dry wood on a fire which is already initiation to burn out of control. Censorship is not, nor has it ever been an answer. It is simply another way to cover up this modern reality, and though at times it whitethorn be harsh, it is what is real that makes one into who he or she shall become. By allowing censorship, one is hurting both those who create media art and the audience for whom the art is meant. Therefo re, as quoted from Postrels article Creative Matrix, Curbing new ideas hurts not only individual creators but the audience for which they create and the posterity that inherits their legacy. Work CitedLowenthal, David. Why the Mass Media moldiness Be Censored. Furist October 1998.Eisner, Michael E. A Little Restraint, Please. The Wall Street Journal 24 April 1998.Postrel, Virginia. Creative Matrix. Reason August/September 1999.McCormick, Steve. Nascar Censorship Reaching New Heights. 28 Nov 2004 Associated Press. canvas tent Janets Revelation No Crime. 21 Feb 2004. 28 Nov 2004 Censorship Essay -- essays research papers Recently in the news, the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) fined Johnny Sauter, one of their drivers, $10,000 as well as charging him 25 points for inappropriate comments made after a BUSCH race in Las Vegas. The words said were at the conclusion of a race in which the driver had been putting his life on the line at over 200 mph . Fueled with adrenaline, the words spoken were not words ordinarily used by Sauter, however, NASCAR legislated just the same (McCormick). This case is the most recent of many that censorship has become a major battleground. Since first the shootings of April 1999 in Columbine Colorado, and most recently, the 2004 Super Bowl Halftime show in which singer Justin Timberlake exposed the breast of fellow singer Janet Jackson, the government has made it its priority to influence the entertainment industry to put into place new rules, such as the one in NASCAR, to regulate inappropriate material, therefore increasing censorship. On top of this, the industry itself has begun to attempt a type of self-censorship. Although censorship has been around for ages, what is it and why does it exist? Censorship in todays era is a higher power attempting to prevent disturbing or painful sights, sounds, or any other information form from reaching the public in order to keep a feeling of well moral bei ng. However, the main question in todays times is whether or not censorship is necessary in todays world, and if the government should be able to force censorship on the entertainment industry.Though the case involving the NASCAR driver is the most recent ridiculous form of censorship, it has taken place throughout the history of entertainment itself. However, in the past ten years, after censorship laws had begun to loosen, the media and the government has once again begun to pull tighter on the censorship blindfold, covering societys eyes. After the shootings in Colorado, many wrongfully took up arms against the entertainment industry, convincing society that the blame for the teens actions should fall on the violence they viewed in movies and on TV. Therefore, following the shootings, the House of Representatives held a hearing to help determine any new bills that should be put into place to restrict the entertainment industry. As written by Virginia Postrel in an article for Rea son magazine... ...utting blame else ware, parents, as well as other authority figures, are not solving the problem, rather, they are throwing dry wood on a fire which is already beginning to burn out of control. Censorship is not, nor has it ever been an answer. It is simply another way to cover up this modern reality, and though at times it may be harsh, it is what is real that makes one into who he or she shall become. By allowing censorship, one is hurting both those who create media art and the audience for whom the art is meant. Therefore, as quoted from Postrels article Creative Matrix, Curbing new ideas hurts not only individual creators but the audience for which they create and the posterity that inherits their legacy. Work CitedLowenthal, David. Why the Mass Media Must Be Censored. Furist October 1998.Eisner, Michael E. A Little Restraint, Please. The Wall Street Journal 24 April 1998.Postrel, Virginia. Creative Matrix. Reason August/September 1999.McCormick, Steve. Nasc ar Censorship Reaching New Heights. 28 Nov 2004 Associated Press. Poll Janets Revelation No Crime. 21 Feb 2004. 28 Nov 2004